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Contents: |
Answers to these questions should be sent directly to the e-mail address of the inquirer with or without a copy to gazette@ssc.com. Answers that are copied to LG will be printed in the next issue in the Tips column.
Before asking a question, please check the Linux Gazette FAQ to see if it has been answered there.
Mon Jan 31 13:43:03 PST 2000
From: Linux Gazette Editor <gazette@ssc.com>
Subject: Transmeta
[I'd like to see an LG article analyzing Transmeta's announcement, the Crusoe chip, and what it means for Linux. Is there anybody in the field of mobile computing or hardware who would care to write such an article? The Transmeta announcement itself is covered in the News Bytes section. -Ed.]
Tue, 18 Jan 2000 09:11:57 -0700 (MST)
From: Neil Zanella <nzanella@tulip.math.ualberta.ca>
Subject: Digital Cameras
Hello,
It would be nice if the next issue of the gazzette had an article on using digital cameras with Linux.
Fri, 31 Dec 1999 09:23:13 -0500
From: Brian Cox <brincare@bellsouth.net>
Subject: Modems
I am a new user to Linux (Red Hat 6.0). I am currently dual booting between Windows 95 and Linux and I have a 56K winmodem install. I have not been able to get this modem to work under Linux. Can you suggest a good modem to upgrade to? Preferably one that will work under both my Linux and Windows installations.
Fri, 31 Dec 1999 12:12:09 -0500
From: krishens <krishens@lynxus.com>
Subject: Users required to enter root-password? Red Hat 6.1
I have just installed version 6.1 and set up my modem to dial out to my ISP. However, when I log on as a user and press KDE>Internet>kppp a pop-up box opens up and wants me to enter the root-password! This does not seem right. is there a way to avoid having to enter the root pass word when logged on as a non-root user?
Sat, 1 Jan 2000 14:11:05 +0800
From: Chang Jiang <changj10@hotmail.com>
Subject: About Linux-Win98 interconnect
Dear sir:
I realy got some troubles with Samba and need your help. After read every associated docs in the Samba documents and SMB-HOWTO, problem is there yet.
I'm trying to interconnect Win98 with Linux. My Linux is Redhat 5.2 with the Samba version 1.9.18p10. My Samba is started as deamons, that is, usind "smbd -D" and "nmbd -D".
After I set "encrypt = yes", I can use "smbclient -L WIN98PC" to access the Win98's share directories. But although I can see Linux PC, I cann't access Linux from the Win98, no matter set "security = user" or "security = share". When I do that, always got a "invilad password". So does using "net view" and "net use" command under DOS prompt. By the way, I had use "smbpasswd" to generate smbpasswd for each smb user.
While I can login Linux with smbclient on the Linux PC itself. So do on the Win98 PC's Linux system(My Win98 PC is dual bootable). I use the RPM to remove the Samba and install again, nothing changed.Then What can I do?
Here is the smb.conf file.
Sat, 01 Jan 2000 22:01:45 -0700
From: Richard Flynn <rflynn@uswest.net>
Subject: Display support
I am trying to run Linux on a system with a NEC Multisync monitor. Where can I find a driver Or what monitor should I use.
Sun, 2 Jan 2000 01:52:41 -0800 (PST)
From: Alexandre I.Gorelov, SFU/TRIUMF, tel. (604)-222-1047, ext. 64-89 <iaeg@alph04.triumf.ca>
Subject: Pentium-II Xeon and calculation speed
Hi guys, here I'm trying to get a little bit of help with my computer. I'm doing a very time expensive calculations using FORTRAN programs, compiled with g77 under Red Hat 6.1. First, on dual Pentium-II/400MHz and Pentium-III/450MHz computers I noticed, that when program size (RSS in top) is getting biger that approximately 600K computation speed dramatically decreasing by factor two. This slowing down agrees with the bus speed (100MHz) and L2 cache (512K, 200MHz). So, I've decided that the reason lies in the cache sped/size and bought (pretty cheap) dual Pentium-II/450MHz Xeon computer with 2MB L2 cache per proccessor that suppose to run at 450MHz and 512M SDRAM on SuperMicro mainboard. Unfortunately I did not find any difference in performance of this computer and still much cheaper dual Pentium-II/400MHz. Why is it? May be, Red Nat 6.1 somehow must be told explicitely about cache size? But I did not find any such option...
Sun, 02 Jan 2000 19:16:11 -0500
From: walter muller <waltermullerorlando@worldnet.att.net>
Subject: connecting w98 and linux boxs
I have one monitor and would like to connect my w98 desktop with my linux desktop, what software do you recommend? thank you
Mon, 03 Jan 2000 06:53:13 -0500
From: Rick Smith <rsmith13@tampabay.rr.com>
Subject: Tracing spoofed packets.
Sir,
I have received a lot of spoofed packets to tcp port 139 (Net bios) within the last week. Also, most all probes I get to "known" Net Bus and Back Orifice ports, are spoofed. I would like to be able to trace these packets back to the true source. How do I go about doing this? What software do I need? What methods are used? (I don't plan to retaliate, just inform the proper authorities.) Seems to me, that this would make an excellent article for Linux Journal or the Gazette.
Mon, 03 Jan 2000 12:45:07 PST
From: Ted Wood <ted_wood@hotmail.com>
Subject: Norton Ghost/LILO problem
I'm trying to create a dual boot image with Redhat and NT Workstation. I'm using Norton ghost version 6 to create the image. It will ghost fine but after ghosting, lilo comes up as "LI" only. The problem is fixable by booting to the Linux floppy and rerunning Lilo which rewrites the mbr. After that everything is great, but why won't Lilo work properly the first time? I've searched Symantec's page and I've tried the switches but they all result in the same problem. Please Help!
Mon, 3 Jan 2000 16:23:38 -0500
From: David Morris <DMorris@dolfin.com>
Subject: Anti Virus programs for linux Red Hat 6
Hi!
Is there a "definative" anti virul program for Linux? Any info appreciated!
Tue, 04 Jan 2000 15:46:01 +0530
From: Pradish Mathews <pmathews@softhome.net>
Subject: Bug in Lockpasswd !!!
I have the Red Hat 6.1 version and the Lockpasswd utility is not working properly. Once i lock the account i am not able to unlock it.
Tue, 04 Jan 2000 05:19:29 -0800
From: CvdBelt <CvdBelt@goplay.com>
Subject: HelpWanted!
Hi Gazette Readers!
I've installed RedHat Linux 6.0. If I want to create a bootdisk in RedHat setup, my system crashes. If you can help me, please send an e-mail to: CvdBelt@goplay.com
Thank you in advance!
Tue, 4 Jan 2000 17:57:33 +0330
From: amin Zia <Help@mmm.gov.ir>
Subject:
Dear Sir:
I'm looking for a way to get the users' information on my netware 4.11 from a linx machine. the information, including password, will be used for dial-up user authentication. Would you please let me know if it is possible.
Wed, 5 Jan 2000 10:30:09 -0300
From: Luis Bogliolo <luisb@gbs.com.ar>
Subject: I habe a problem
I have a problem. I am trying to install in a linux Red Hat relase 6.0 Publishers Editor (Hedwind) a badge ethernet Intel InBusiness 10/100 and it is not recognized for the linux. The pc in which I work is a PII of 266 Mhz with 32 Mb ram, Possesses a badge of cable modem, and a modem of 56Kbps. I would Thank to who could offer me information of a solution.
Happy New Year, Luis A. Bogliolo
Wed, 05 Jan 2000 09:31:41 -0500
From: rbruce <cva92@centurytel.net>
Subject: Sound Card Problem
I'm a very linux newbie. I have RH6.1. I can play music CD's and hear system beeps for KICQ. I'm using the KDE desktop. I have already tried sndconfig. I have system sounds enabled. The sound card is a Sound Blaster 16 System sounds just wont work. Any ideas?
Richard
Wed, 5 Jan 2000 13:04:24 -0700
From: Akins Bobby Civ 28CS/SCBB <bob.akins@ellsworth.af.mil>
Subject: XTerms
To Whom It May Concern,
Can you tell me where to find information on setting up Linux Server/Client machines to act like server and thin clients. My goal is one powerful server with several smaller terminals using software off the server.
Thanks in advance.
Thu, 06 Jan 2000 00:03:52 -0500
From: Darren Lehman <dlehman@azerty.com>
Subject: Subject: X won't start
I Have Reacently Installed LINUX on an Dell OptiPlex GX110 PentiumIII that I bought. I can boot up an login into root but when i issue the command the command startx to get X to star this is what i get:
execve failed for /ect/X11/X (errno 2)
and then 6
_X11TransSocketUNIXConnect: Can't Connect: errno = 2
then
Giving up
and Finally I wonderered if anyone could help a LINUX newbie.
Thu, 6 Jan 2000 17:26:01 +0800 (HKT)
From: Samuel Lam <samuell@silver.hkabc.net>
Subject: Linux + Win98 Lan
Hello.
Linux Redhat 6.1 and config to use Squid on the Lan.A modem PPP dail up to ISP and NOT with fixed IP.
Win98 client on the LAN can get the http_service from squid. But win98 cannot use Telent or ICQ Could someone tell me how to open the port or how to let the modem fully share on the LAN.
Thu, 06 Jan 2000 16:43:00 +0100
From: Fisayp <fisayo@steineng.net>
Subject: Help Wanted On Domain Hosting Config
Please what are the necessary steps to take to host a domain and web site on a Linux system (Redhat)
Sat, 08 Jan 2000 22:17:46 +0000
From: George Foussias <gfoussia@netcom.ca>
Subject: Linux and the MessagePad2000
Hi everyone,
I know it's possible to get Linux onto a PalmPilot, but I was wondering if anyone knows of or has heard of a port for the Apple MessagePad (aka the Newton). Any comments or suggestions are greatly appreciated.
Thanx
7 Jan 00 10:29:24 MST
From: Research & Development Gruop x <r_and_d_group@usa.net>
Subject: X Windows Configuration Problem
Res. Sir
I regularly visit your site. First of all I must appricate your efforts to assist users to solve their problems. ed.
I have got a project on Red Hat Linux, Oralce 8i and Apache Web Server platform.
I have installed Red Hat Linux 6.1 on my pc. However I am finding it difficult to setup my monitor. The X Window is not working at all( Commnad Line is working Properly). I kindkly request you to help me to solve the problem. I have tried to use Generic monitor and Video Card. Still it could not help.
My Hardware configuration is
The Mailbag!
Card : SiS 620 with 8 MB Shared Memory on board
Monitor : Samtron 45Bn
Monitor Synchronisation :
Horizonal : 30-55 KHz
Vertical : 50-120 Hz
As I have to complete the project in given time constraint, i request you to guide me as early as possible.
Waiting for your replay.
Mon, 10 Jan 2000 12:27:59 -0600
From: Wagner Perlino (EDB) <wagner.perlino@edb.ericsson.se>
Subject: Win95-Linux small network with null modem
I am trying to build a small network at home with one Linuxbox and another Win95/Win98 box. I have no printer, but I would like to share files and use my Linuxbox as a gateway to the internet so that both boxes can use one single dial-up connection AT THE SAME time. Is there any link or suggestion for this type of connection ?
Mon, 10 Jan 2000 19:19:30 -0300
From: Carlos Germán Siufi <csiufi@puntoar.net.ar>
Subject: Router problem
I had two networks. One at the main office (192.168.1.0) and the other at the branch (192.168.2.0). I used two CISCO 800 ROUTERS to connect them. I can use tcp/ip normally ("ping", "ftp", "http" from one host to another remote host).
My problem is:
I can't see the remote PCs in Windows Explorer at the office. I configured a Linux server with DNS, Mail, Ftp but It still doesn't work. At the office I'm running IPX (there is a Netware 3.11 server) and TCP/IP protocols. Any idea?
Germán.
PD: Sorry my english.
Tue, 11 Jan 2000 12:32:01 -0300
From: Gabriel Ramiro Ferro <gferro@gamma.com.ar>
Subject: Desde Argentina
Perdón pero no manejo el ingles, lo que desear�a es que me informen como adquirir los CD de Linux en forma gratuita Desde ya muchas gracias.
Tue, 11 Jan 2000 21:56:55 +0100
From: Ivo Naninck <inaninck@linuxfan.com>
Subject: Printing MS documents on Novell printer
Hello Gazette,
Can you please put the following question in your next Gazette?
On my Linux box (Mandrake 6.1) I already have the Novell Netware Client up and running. I can print textfiles from the command line to a HP Laserjet 4Plus printer which lives in a Novel NDS tree. However, some people like(?) to send me Microsoft Word and Excell documents. When I send these kind'o files straight to the printer, they come out real funny :-( I have Staroffice-5.1, with which I can read those files, but SO doesn't (AFAIK) have the ability to print to the kind of printer I must deal with. Any idea is very welcome!
--
Best regards, Ivo Naninck.
1st graffitiist: QUESTION AUTHORITY!
2nd graffitiist: Why?
~ :wq!
Wed, 12 Jan 2000 00:23:56 +0100
From: Jos vd Snepscheut <snepscheut@hetnet.nl>
Subject: vgetty and .rmd files
Hello,
Is there a way to convert .rmd files (made by vgetty) into .wav files.
thanks, Jos (newbe)
Wed, 12 Jan 2000 09:59:39 -0500
From: abc <abc@abc.com>
Subject: Partiton Magic 5.0 and Linux Installation
Hi !
I am not quite familiar with Linux installation and stuck at this point.
I have a new DELL with 13 GB hard-disk running windows98 second edition.
I bought Partition Magic 5.0 to create couple logical drives and Linux Native and Swap Partitions.
I am trying to install RedHat 5.2 using a bootable disk and a CD -ROM.
For some reason, neither disk-druid nor fdisk (in-built) recognizes my Logical Partitions.
On the Blue screen (driver information) it says:
/hda1 <size> Win95 FAT 32 /hda2 <size = 13 GB - size of C drive> 0x0f (blank in type field)
That means, the installation process does not know there are couple of Logical Drives and also a Linux Native and a Swap Partitons. What does 0x0f type means ?
fdisk however shows there are partitions on MS-DOS propmt but installation program can not recognize them !
Is there anything I am doing wrong ? Any suggestions ?
Thanks
-H
Thu, 13 Jan 2000 17:54:09 +0200
From: Dina Yazbeck <dina.yazbeck@spacecom1.com>
Subject: Question
I am basically trying to host a domain and have all the e-mails of the users of this domain (remotedomain.com) sent to one particular Mailbox (such as remotedomain@myisp.net). This is straightforward. Assuming that the remote domain machine (LINUX) polls the ISP server. What is the procedure to use to retrieve this mail and distribute it to the respective mailboxes of the users? Do I have to use procmail? Is fetchmail sufficient for distributing the mail? Waiting for your reply.
Thank you.
Note: I am new to the Linux world; for that reason, please include details.
Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:41:58 +1300
From: M Murugan <Admin@easybrowsing.com>
Subject: How to encrypt in linux ..
Sir
I would like to encrypt the loginname in my linux-boot-dial floppy.
Is there any command like ASC(x) or chr(x) as in VisualBasic other than tr.
Thanks in advance
[Why do you need to encrypt your login name? The password is already encrypted. In any case, everybody knows the most powerful login is "root", so you would not be gaining any security. If you are concerned about people cracking your account, change your password.Also, nothing prevents somebody from sticking their own boot floppy in with their own passwords on it. The only way to prevent this is to keep the computer in a locked room. -Ed.]
Fri, 14 Jan 2000 15:38:17 -0500
From: Kevin Jon Schlossberg <spark@bladeforums.com>
Subject: ? about "logrotate" on RedHat 5.2...
Hi there! I'm a linux newbie, and I'm hoping that you'll be able to answer my questions, as I'm kind of lost.
We're currently running RedHat 5.2 on our server, and are using Apache as our webserver program. We've got about 30 or so websites running off the same machine, each with it's own Apache webserver. Our reasons for doing so is to prevent 1 website from taking out all of the rest if that particular process dies.
Since each website has it's own Apache server running, each site has it's own access_log file. Anyhow, a few of the websites have proven to be more popular than we thought they would be, and are generating about 1 Gb of logfiles every 7 days or so. Considering that we only have 9.1 gB of hard disk space, we've decided that it would probably be a smart idea to start rotating the logfiles each week.
I've been looking at the logrotate program that's included with RedHat Linux, and I'm a bit confused as to how it operates, and was hoping that you could tell me if what I'm thinking will work.
In the file /etc/logrotate.d/apache it lists
#/var/log/httpd/access_log {
# postrotate
# /usr/bin/killall -HUP httpsd
# endscript
#}
As what I'm guessing the default logrotation would be.
Since my configuration has the access_log files located at
/logs/account1/access_log /logs/account2/access_log /logs/account3/access_log /logs/account4/access_log .... /logs/accountX/access_log
I'm going to guess that I need to change
/var/log/httpd/access_logto
/logs/accountX/access_log for each accountX
Here's the crux of my problem though - the section that states
# postrotate # /usr/bin/killall -HUP httpsd # endscript
is worrying me because I dont want to send multiple /usr/bin/killall -HUP httpsd signals over and over again if it's not neccessary.
Can I put the /usr/bin/killall -HUP httpsd command in the /etc/cron.daily/logrotate file so that instead of
#!/bin/sh /usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
it instead says
#!/bin/sh /usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf /usr/bin/killall -HUP httpsd
and have the /etc/logrotate.d/apache file read:
/logs/account1/access_log {
}
/logs/account2/access_log {
}
/logs/account3/access_log {
}
/logs/account4/access_log {
}
/logs/accountX/access_log {
}
for each accountX that I have?
Thanks for any assistance that you can give....
Fri, 14 Jan 2000 16:02:38 -0500 (EST)
From: Mark Borg <mborg@mail.com>
Subject: Question on motherboard support
Hello, Some time ago I upgraded my machine from 486-33Mhz to PIII 500Mhz. I bought a PC-Chips M741LMRT motherboard which has on-board VGA, sound and modem. Linux installed ok on it and is really fast (boots up in less than 20 seconds!!), but X windows configuration is crashing when trying to detect the on-board VGA (I belive it's a SiS 5595 chipset). I am only getting 320x200 mode. When I amended the config file manually to get an 800x600 true-color mode, X loads, paints the background and hangs up. Anyone has used such motherboards? Or are there any patches for this motherboard? Regards
Sat, 15 Jan 2000 16:38:55 +0530
From: Kumar V <datasol@vsnl.com>
Subject: Urgent Help Wanted
Dear Support Manager
We are installing Linux Kernel 2.2 with Redhat 5.2 in our Intel Pentium III @ 500 MHz system, with 256MB SDRAM which has integrated SiS 6236 AGP card with 8 MB Video Memory and Realtek 8139 Ethernet Adapter.
We are using SCSI hard disk with Adaptec Controller Card. We are facing heavy problems in getting recognized for SiS 6326 card in the installation of XWindows. The supported hardware list doesn't show the list of the above SiS 6326 Card. Please let me know how we can solve the problem and also let me know where i could download the drivers to make SiS 6326 card work in Xwindows and to support maximum resolution and Color Depth.
Please help me out where i could download the drivers and the procedure for making the SiS 6326 card work in Xwindows.
Hope you will reply to me immediately.
Sun, 16 Jan 2000 12:58:56 -0800 (PST)
From: Wei Huang <pardxa@yahoo.com>
Subject: help
sir, I need some help.
Question1,
I wrote a program of showing the contents of other program on the platform of LINUX,the compiler is g++, but got problems in statement 1 and statement 2.
First,I want to show the sentence in statement 1 ahead of the body of file being showed,but it can't appear in the proper position.I mean I want the program running like this:
This is the body of file
FILE BODY...
This is the body of file
FILE BODY...
but it running like this:
FILE BODY...
FILE BODY...
This is the body of file
This is the body of file
I don't why,how can it be corrected. Second,I had believed the statement 2 is illegal in grammar.Because if you define an array, char buffer[BufferSize] ,the BufferSize indicate the number of elements in array and should be a constant or at least be a const variable,and it can't be a variable, otherwise the program cann't be compiled. But the fact is this program is compiled smoothly and functions normally. What is wrong?
Question 2, I write a c program.
But when compiling, gcc reports that all the functions with "vga_" profix are undefined,what is the problem? I had included "vga.h" in my programe as indicated in "man" help on the usage of either "vga_" function.
Mon, 17 Jan 2000 14:32:33 +0530 (IST)
From: Kenneth Conception <kenneth@darya.nio.org>
Subject: None
Hi, I have a computer with a 810 chipset on which i loaded redhat 6.1. This version does not have the required display card drivers.Pls advice me.
Tue, 18 Jan 2000 17:04:04 +0100
From: Michael Schmitz <mschmitz@sema.de>
Subject: /sbin/dump crashes when doing incremental backup
Since upgrading from RedHat 6.0 to 6.1 /sbin/dump crashes when trying to do incemental backups:
madeira:[/tmp]# /sbin/dump -1 -f /dev/null /dev/sda1 DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Tue Jan 18 17:00:38 2000 DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch DUMP: Dumping /dev/sda1 (/usr) to /dev/null DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 710739 tape blocks on 18.27 tape(s). DUMP: Volume 1 started at: Tue Jan 18 17:00:39 2000 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: SIGSEGV: ABORTING! DUMP: SIGSEGV: ABORTING! Segmentation fault madeira:[/tmp]# DUMP: SIGSEGV: ABORTING! DUMP: SIGSEGV: ABORTING! DUMP: SIGSEGV: ABORTING!
Does anybody have an idea of what might be the problem?
This is what's installed:
dump-0.4b4-11 e2fsprogs-1.17-1 glibc-2.1.2-12
Tue, 18 Jan 2000 08:04:20 -0800
From: knowmd <knowmd@worldnet.att.net>
Subject: modoms
need information on compatible modems to run with redhat 5.2 with pentium 233
Tue, 18 Jan 2000 15:42:13 -0500
From: Christopher Hennessey <chennessey.STU_PO.FPLC@fplc.edu>
Subject: Law student with questions about Licensing and Linux
My name is Chris Hennessey and I am currently a first year law student at Franklin Pierce Law Center located in Concord, NH. Franklin Pierce is a law school renowned for its intellectual property program and it strives to educate students entering fields in the forefront of technology. I have been elected as a class representative for the Licensing Executive Society and have a strong interest in the field of software licensing. I am particularly interested in the "copy-left" movement in the software industry and I know that Linux is at the forefront.
I am currently trying to help organize this Franklin Pierce's annual Licensing Symposium which will be held on Saturday, March 25. I would very much like to have a Red Hat or Linux based representative come and speak at the symposium about what is going on in the world of freeware and shareware or other general software licensing issues.
As the Editor of the Linux Gazette, I am certain that you could help me. Perhaps you are interested or know of a Red Hat attorney or anyone who be interested in speaking at this event. The Licensing Executive Society is a global organization and this would be an opportunity to speak to law students from around the world about Linux.
I would really appreciate any assistance you may be able to provide for me, please contact me via email.
Thank you.
[Linux Gazette has no relationship with Red Hat, so I can't put you in touch with one of their attorneys. See RH's contact information at www.redhat.com.The Free Software Foundation would be another good place to check, since licensing is their forte. www.gnu.org
The Electronic Frontier Foundation is not directly related to software licensing per se, but they have been very active in the past regarding net freedom, although I haven't kept track of them in recent years. www.eff.org -Ed.]
Wed, 19 Jan 2000 01:16:14 +0100
From: Leonard <LT.Quivooy@quicknet.nl>
Subject: insmod and newbie to RH6.1
Hello,
Where can i aks an question about a loadable module which i want to autostart at boot? an howto? I cannot find the right information, and or it's nog clear for me. I searched the linux Gazette and couldnot find it
thanks.
Leonard Quivooy
Wed, 19 Jan 2000 12:30:25 +0100
From: Ivan Suchy <suchar@penguin.cz>
Subject: Internal modem
Hello LG team,
I have HP Netserver E60 and don't know how internal modem I can use with it, and RH 6.0. Have someone some experience.
Thanx for any answer, sincerely
Ivan Suchy
BTW: installation on this server was without any problem, who wants I can send its hardware configuration.
Wed, 19 Jan 2000 11:46:58 EST
From: <MartyFisher1@cs.com>
Subject: bash2
Hello,
The bash 1-14 seems to be the standard bash for redhat even though bash2 is included. Can you tell me the reason for that ? and when that might change ?
Thanks, Marty Fisher
Mon, 24 Jan 2000 05:42:36 -0500
From: glitch <pidpot@freewwweb.com>
Subject: 2 quick questions
I have two quick questions...
One concerns my modem. When i dial into my isp, my modem hangs up after connect every first time i try. so, it always takes exactly two tries to get going. What could my modem be NOT doing the first time that it ALWAYS figures out how to do the second time?
second, I would like to ask for a QUALITY set of general instructions on how to install things i download off the internet such as realplayer 5 for Linux which comes in rpm form. I have downloaded various programs from the net in rpm form, only to find very sloppy instructions on setting things up. In the case of realplayer in particular, I get a message (using rpm at the command line with the -i switch) that says realplayer is installed. But where does it get installed to? i can never find it... i type the executable command and get another message that core is been dumped. This is after having to copy the rpm into the /var/lib/rpm directory just so the rpm util can find things it needs to install my package in the first place.
hey, sorry, i just thought of question #3: I KNOW i created 3 swap partitions, but only one is enabled. (hda7) what are the names of my other partitons? i have altogether 4 partitions: one root and 3 swap. so hda1 is root and hda 7 is one of the swaps, but what is the convention for nameing devices to partitions? i tried to enable my best guesses (hda 5 and hda6) in linuxconf as additional swap partitons, but with no luck. how do i find them and how do i enable them? thanks.
I run redhat 6.1 with Gnome as my desktop on a amd 350 with 128 megs of ram, but i dont have any preference to desktops, so instructions to fit any of them will be greatly appreciated.
Please understand that i am working on almost six years of experience with computers and am not afraid to try new things. I am new to linux; however, I am not afraid to follow technical instructions, as long as they are accurate.
Sat, 22 Jan 2000 13:14:56 -0800 (PST)
From: KAI T. HUANG <vkthuang@yahoo.com>
Subject: How to set up a external modem for the internet of Red Hat Linux?
Hi, I have installed Red Hat LInux. I brought a blaster V.90&K56flex external modem. I want to set up ppp. I set up ppp with this modem and was able to connect to my ISP with linuxconf. But when I tried to use nestcapte to access internet. I failed. Can you tell me what problem it is.
Sat, 22 Jan 2000 13:18:56 -0800 (PST)
From: Victor Huang <vkthuang@yahoo.com>
Subject: How to use a printer to print out the result of X window program in red hat linux?
I wrote X window program abd run it in red hat linux. I want to print out the result with a HP laserjet 4 printer(print out the screen). But I don't know how to do that? How to save the screen and print out the screen link Window 98/95? Can you give me some idea?
Sat, 22 Jan 2000 13:20:31 -0800 (PST)
From: Victor Huang <vkthuang@yahoo.com>
Subject: How to set up HPdeskjet 712c printer in Red Hat Linux?
Can you tell me how to set up HPdeskjet 712c printer in Red Hat Linux? Thank you.
Sat, 22 Jan 2000 20:50:08 -0500
From: inkognito <inkognito@bay-net.on.ca>
Subject: linux install
ok i have redhat 6.1 and after i type startx in lilo i get a no screens found error message i have an ATI Rage 128 AGP with 16mb ram on it and a viewsonic e771-3 monitor im on 16 bit 800X600 can u help me?
Sun, 23 Jan 2000 12:17:08 -0800
From: Garry J. NICHOL <102445.562@compuserve.com>
Subject: compuserve / linux
How do I connect to compuserve from my linux box using the pppd?
Sun, 23 Jan 2000 15:46:09 -0600
From: Brent Gill <bgill@iastate.edu>
Subject: Install Problems
Ok, I'm a newbie to Linux... I'm trying to install Redhat 6.1 on my system which already has Win98 installed. During the install process, I encounter several problems. First, when I'm trying to partition my disk, I always get the message "boot partition too big", no matter what the size is. I can proceed with an error message if I make a separate "/" and "/boot" partition, however, about 20 seconds later, I get the message "Error in isys.py line 8 in umount System Error 16-device or resource busy". I downloaded the software, and I'm trying a hard drive install. Anyone have a solution?
thanks.
Mon, 24 Jan 2000 14:41:16 -0000
From: Simon_M_Appleby <Simon_M_Appleby@email.msn.com>
Subject: Reconizing other drives via PCMCIA slots
Dear Sirs,
As I am new to Linux and have been given Red Hat 6.1. I have decided to put this on a Laptop.
My question is this :-
When Red Hat boots up it will default mount all file systems it knows about, including CDROM and/or Floppy (if present). If I wish to mount a Modem or another floppy (In this case a Iomega Click card) via the PCMCIA slots at the side of the Laptop, how does one achieve this ?. Are there any HOWTO's that detail this,or can you supply commands.
Thanks
Si
Tue, 25 Jan 2000 20:55:56 +0100
From: Michiel Doetjes <pm.doetjes@eagle-i.nl>
Subject: Graphics all messed up...
Hi,
Today I installed my very first Linux system! I guess it works fine, but I have big problems with my graphics card / monitor.
When I start Linux (using a bootdisk), X-Windows automatically loads. I do see the login screen, but it's far to wide! It's a bit like viewing a 1024x768 screen, while the monitor is set to 640x480.
Specs of my system:
Pentium II Mendecino, 366mhz 64 MB Ram Intel 740 graphics accelerator, 8mb, AGP
I tried various options using xf86config, but I don't seem to get my graphics card to work.
After a nervous breakdown, my computer installed my graphics card as a Chips & Technologies Accelerator. This works fine too.
Does anyone know how to solve this problem?
Thanks!
Mike
Wed, 26 Jan 2000 15:19:19 +0800
From: pgy <pgy1@263.net>
Subject:
I want to sale RedHat Linux 6.0 Offical Installtion Guide's Chinese Version, but I don't know how to sale this. Can you tell me?
Thu, 27 Jan 2000 23:10:11 +0800
From: Yau Chuan Hoa <ychoa@tm.net.my>
Subject: Redhat 6.1 Installation Problem
I tried to install REDHAT 6.1 but it hangs after the graphical partition page (Ctrl-Alt-F7), when it starts the partition/format process.
I boot using the AutoBoot.bat from DOS (Win98 startup disk).
My system : Pentium 133, with 64 MB of RAM. S3 chipset (correctly detected) HDD = IBM 1.7GB -> 2 equal primary partitions : FAT16 and ext2 (Partition magic v4)
hda : hda2, hda3 ??? Where is hda1 ???
Error message :
<4> hdc : ATAPI reset complete
<4> hdc : cd_rom_decode_status error = 0x34
<4> hdc : cd_rom_decode_ststus = 0x51 {DriveReady SeekComplete Error}
<4> end_request I/O error dev 16:00 (hdc) sector 1190936
<4> end_request buffer-list destroyed
Also, sometimes it hangs for a short while (10-15 seconds) during keyboard detection, after every mouse click, with the following message Error loading new keyboard description.
I tried to get support from Redhat, but it is not it is not helpful, especially in my country, Malaysia.
Thanks.
Thu, 27 Jan 2000 23:44:18 -0600 (EST)
From: Dr. Pat Fitzpatrick <fitz@twister.jsums.edu>
Subject: Outgoing mail problem
We are attempting to set up our linux machine such that it can used as a POP server. On a Windoze machine, Eudora software successfully retrieves email from the machine. However, when we try to send email through the linux machine, the email bounces back.
By the way, using email tools such as pine on the linux machines itself works fine.
I am open to suggestions.
Fri, 28 Jan 2000 14:30:11 +0100
From: Giuseppe Luigi Bombelli <bombelli.giuseppe@sri.enel.it>
Subject: Informazioni
Salve a tutti sono un neofita di Linux, ho installato Linux dal CD di ioProgrammo funziona tutto a meraviglia solo non so come settare il modem che funziona solo a 9600 pur avendo un modem a 56K della Trust.
Vi chiederei dove eventualmente reperire informazioni su questa operazione, possibilmente in italiano data la mia scarsa conoscenza della lingua Inglese.
In attesa di un vostro gentile riscontro porgo cordiali saluti.
Fri, 28 Jan 2000 08:06:34 -0600
From: Ian Timshel <timshel@escape.ca>
Subject: Subscription
Hi there. Is the Gazette something I can subscribe to or do I need to return to the site to update. I also noticed the info on typing tutors was dated from the fall of 98. Are you still actively working on this paper? Cheers! Ian
[You will need to return to the site for the next issue. Each issue is posted on the first day of the month.If you wish, you can subscribe to the announcement list at lg-announce-request@ssc.com. Put the single word "subscribe" in the message body. Then you will receive an e-mail announcement every month when the issue is posted.
Our articles are contributions from our readers. I do not know of any author planning another typing tutor article. However, I will print your letter in the Mailbag to show there is interest in such an article. -Ed.]
Fri, 28 Jan 2000 18:14:13 -0000
From: oliver cameron <oliver@hii.co.uk>
Subject: Upgrading to shadow passwords
I am running RH 4.2 and I need to convert my existing etc/passwords file to the shadow passwords format used on a new RH 6.1 installation. Can anyone give me a simple explanation of how to do this? Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Many thanks in advance, Oliver.
21 Jan 00 16:26:47 PST
From: Mike Craft <moiloa@netscape.net>
Subject: Driver for ATI Xpert @ Work PCI card
Hi! girls and boys,
I'm new user and believer of yhe Linux O.S and I need help badly.I'm looking for a driver for an ATI Xpert @ Work 8Mb PCI card. Where can I get it?
I'm using a Red Hat 5.2 and my monitor is a Mitsubishi Diamond Scan, model FA3415AT4 60Hz. HF:15.7 - 35.5 Hz, VF:45 - 80 Hz Mx Display 800x600
Could someone help, I would appreciate it a lot. Thanks.
Mon, 24 Jan 2000 16:44:15 +0100
From: Martial Farad <mfarad@ifrance.com>
Subject: problème
Bonjour, Je sais que ce n'est pas un mail pour les débutant qui ne connaissent rien, mais j'ai vraiment besoin d'aide. J'ai un lecteur de disquette externe, et je n'arrive pas à le monter sous linux. Il me renvoie le message:
Mount: the kernel does not recognize /dev/fd0 as a block device (Maybe 'insmod driver' ?)
Pourriez-vous me dire ce qu'il ne va pas ou me donner une adresse de site ou e-mail qui pourrais m'aider. Je vous en serai très reconnaissant.
Sun, 30 Jan 2000 21:25:49 -0500
From: Ze'ev Ionis <zionis@interlog.com>
Subject: Running an NT command from Linux (or vice-versa)
I have two PCs on my lan - an NT4sp6 box and a RHLinux6.1 box. They share a UPS. The UPS has hardware and software which will allow it to send a shut-down command to just ONE box. That box then has to send a shutdown command to the other. I know how to do this if they were both running NT (there is a command in the NT resource kit to allow you to send a remote shutdown). But I have NO idea how to do this from one OS to the other. Any ideas?
Mon, 31 Jan 2000 16:38:49 +0200
From: Zlotnikov yuri <zlotniko@macs.biu.ac.il>
Subject: CPU resource distribution
Please, send me any article about CPU resource distribution (sharing) in Linux.
Sun, 2 Jan 2000 20:34:49 -0400 (WST)
From: David Santo Orcero <irbis@activanet.es>
Subject: None
Hello.
I tryed ftp link [ftp.ssc.com] with netscape and with ncftp and now it works fine.
Yours:
David
Mon, 3 Jan 2000 12:53:35 GMT
From: <rupert.linux@btinternet.com>
Subject: Postscript or HTML editions of Gazette
I've read the FAQ on Gazette distributions.
I would like read the Gazette either as HTML or PDF format.
The FAQ talked about being able to use the "Print to file" option of Netscape to produce a postscript version of the Gazette which Acrobat viewers would be able to read (I assume).
I've tried exporting the front page of the Gazette to a postscript file which netscape the extension PRN onto. I've tried renaming the extension to PDF to see if the Acrobat viewer would take the file. It didn't.
If I can't use Acrobat to view the Gazette, I'm fine using HTML format if I can get the pages downloaded onto my local PC to view them offline. Apart from using a web page archiving program, how else would I be able to view the Gazette offline?
regs rupert heesom
[If your goal is to read the Gazette on screen off-line, download the FTP files (FAQ question 3).If your goal is to print the
Gazette, just use the "Print" command in your browser.The FAQ was trying to say that Netscape's "Print to File" option (on Linux) produces Postscript. PDF is a different file format from Postscript. Acrobat and
xpdfare PDF viewers;gvis a Postscript viewer. I have reworded the FAQ answer to make it more clear. -Ed.]
Tue, 04 Jan 2000 02:47:59 +0000
From: Malcolm Macsween <malcolm@arcadia.softnet.co.uk>
Subject: The Answer Guy LG #49 - psychic, already .....
The answer guy is really excelling himself this month ....
How exactly did he help me to fix my Mosix cluster on the Linux 2.4 SMP cluster in Oct , 2000 - I've forgotten already. Sorry - maybe you can refresh my memory .... perhaps my memory management module is faulty, but I seem to have forgotten the whole year.
[The Gazette's Y2K problem was a result of Jim's time machine coupled with my too-successful attempt to change the copyright dates in bulk. The dates are fixed now. -Ed.
Thu, 06 Jan 2000 16:41:01 -0500
From: Anderson Silva <afsilva@liberty.edu>
Subject: [Fwd: type, tepy, tpey, ytep, type...]
There is a mistake in the Developing Web Application Article (Jan 2000).
AS
-------- Original Message --------
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
"...how to create your won guest book..."
And if there are two thousand people pounding away in it then we'll have a won ton guest book.
[Fixed. Do I get a fortune cookie? -Ed.]
Tue, 11 Jan 2000 23:02:40 +0100
From: Reinhold Baldauf <rbaldauf@nikoma.de>
Subject: Abo
Hi out there, please tell me, how i can get the gazette regularly - i'm living in germany Kind regards
[Linux Gazette comes out the first day of each month at www.linuxgazette.com and its mirrors, including four in Germany. Please see www.linuxgazette.com/mirrors.html and www.linuxgazette.com/faq/index.html -Ed.]
Wed, 12 Jan 2000 09:25:33 -0800
From: Marjorie Richardson <mlr@ssc.com>
Subject: SuSE reseller not playing fair in Uruguay
From comp.os.linux.announce:
http://www.linuxstart.com/~rodolfo/openletter.html
These pages are a open letter to the Linux Community signed by a group of users to show the problems that they are living with the name LINUX in Uruguay.
Uruguayan SuSE reseller wish to obtain exclusive rights on the LINUX name
With No. 316.081 of August 30, 1999 has been filed before the Uruguayan Trademark Office a trademark application for registration of the LINUX name to International class 42 (computer related services). This application has been filed by Mr. Francisco Pereira and Mr. Enrique Place de Cuadro, addressed at 1207 Pedro Berro Street, Esc. 603, of Montevideo, Uruguay. In accordance with the official publication from the Industrial Property Bulletin No. 6 of December 1999. Mr. Pereira and Place are part of the firm called LinuxTECH who is the reseller of the SuSE Linux distribution for Uruguay. This is a improper proceeding by somebody to obtain exclusive rights over the LINUX name through the known way to register the trademark in the own name. Since Mr. Pereira and Mr. Place have started their activity in Uruguay with LinuxTECH company they have not stopped to looking for seize exclusive commercialization of Linux in Uruguay:
Firstly, they obtain the exclusive representation to sell SuSE distribution, with which they prevented that anybody can import SuSE Linux, as several people of the Uruguayan community came doing. This has been resisted by some users who, by means of protest, have obtained that German SuSE send the new distritutions directly to them. Immediately they created its own company calling with a copy of the wellknown Suisse company LINUXTECH. Of course, they also filed their own trademark application LINUXTECH under No. 316.082 saying thath the name LINUXTECH is of their own property. Into their commercial name they do not doubt to place the word LINUX (LinuxTECH). Without any doubt the use of the world LINUX in the commercial name allows they to rise to the prestige that enjoys LINUX in the market, taking advantage of the freedom that enjoys LINUX for its generalized use. (Nobody would be happend to initiate a computer company called MicrosofTECH of WindowsTECH, seeing that without doubts it would have legal troubles). Afterwards, they register under the .uy DNS the domain www.linux.com.uy, being in the knowledge that the Uruguay Linux User Group have and use the domain www.linux.org.uy since 1997. With this action Mr. Pereira and Mr. Place want to "capture" the unprepared internaut who looking to accede to the UYLUG site falls in their pages. Finally, they try to make official the deffinitive apropriation of the LINUX name appling the registration in their behalf.
The Uruguay Linux User Group -UYLUG- through representatives of their Board of Directors has tried to dialog with Mr. Pereira and Place to obtain at least the withdrawal to their improper application of registration but without any doubt, it is facing people which use aggressive commercial tactics and do not know the opening principles, cooperation and solidarity that exist into the Linux community.
From already the Uruguay Linux User Group will take ahead all the legal and out-legal actions to obtain these two people do not see made the LINUX name total control.
Montevideo, January 6,2000
Signed by:
Pablo Boix, Federico Gamio, Heber Godoy, Manuel Perez, Rodolfo Pilas, Andres Tarallo
Sat, 15 Jan 2000 21:13:28 -0700
From: Warren Young <tangent@cyberport.com>
Subject: More history!
I really enjoyed the "history of rm and rmdir" article in your January issue. More, more!
Mon, 17 Jan 100 13:55:38 GMT
From: <jgomsi@apolo.umh.es>
Subject: issue49.html not loading
Hi,
I just want to say that from home with my 56K modem I can't load the html_in_a_file Linuxgazette (Not Explorer neither Navigator).
But here at university I can do it from a fast mirror.
[A few people have experienced this. The cause is not known. What happens if you use another mirror? -Ed.]
Tue, 18 Jan 2000 00:55:05 -0600
From: PJ Wessel <ibi@greencis.net>
Subject: To The Editor
Dear Editor,
I recently wrote an article, The Penguin and Me, which appeared in the January Issue of Linux Gazette. I am thrilled at the response from your dedicated readers, but feel I must reply publicly to some misconceptions on my part that proved to be incorrect.
First and formost I must make clear that my experiences, although very limited, are with the Linux-Mandrake 6.0 distro only. I have no experience with or personal knowledge of any other Linux distribution.
Linux-Mandrake, 6.0 is compiled for Pentium machines. It will not run under 386 or 486 machines. However, early versions of Mandrake such as 5.3 which was optimized for the Pentium processor should run very well. Thanks to Civileme, of the Mandrake "Expert" group, I now understand that other distributions may vary, and, many of them are compatible with the 386 and 486 processors.
Linux does not support all dual processor motherboards. However, all motherboards should support dual-boot systems.
I apologize for any inconvenience my comments may have caused.
Thank you for the opportunity to apolgize to the Linux community, to the gentle readers who have generously given their time to comment, and to the publisher of Linux Gazette.
Wed, 19 Jan 2000 10:54:39 +0100 (CET)
From: Dipl.-Stat. Detlef Steuer <steuer@statistik.uni-dortmund.de>
Subject: January 2000: The Hunger Site
Thank you very much especially for the link to the hunger site!
PS: I like the Gazette, too :-)
|
Contents: |
February 2000 Linux Journal
The February issue of Linux Journal is on the newsstands now. This issue focuses on Linux on the desktop.
Linux Journal has articles that appear "Strictly On-Line". Check out the Table of Contents at http://www.linuxjournal.com/issue70/index.html for articles in this issue as well as links to the on-line articles. To subscribe to Linux Journal, go to http://www.linuxjournal.com/subscribe/index.html.
For Subcribers Only: Linux Journal archives are available on-line at http://interactive.linuxjournal.com/
Best
Technology Center Hermia, Tampere, Finland - December 28, 1999
SOT, publisher of the #1 Linux in Finland - the home country of Linux and Linus - today released the beta version of their Best Linux operating system to English-speaking users around the globe.
"We now have over 3300 registered T-1 beta testers. They will be providing us important feedback, suggesting new features and testing the product thoroughly. I believe that this beta release is more stable and has better hardware support than any of the final distributions currently available." said Santeri Kannisto, CEO, SOT. "Happy Y2K!"
The English beta version is called Best Linux T-1. SOT will start shipping the CD-ROMs free-of-charge to registered beta testers this week. A ready-to-burn iso image is also available for those who don't want to wait for snail mail. Direct links to the image and additional information are available at the Best Linux web site, http://bestlinux.net
SOT will also distribute CDs from its offices in Tampere, Helsinki and Tallinn. Detailed contact information is available at http://www.sot.com
Caldera
As part of its "Linux for eBusiness" strategy, Caldera Systems, Inc. has announced that its soon-to-be introduced OpenLinux eServer will ship with IBM open-source e-commerce products... http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000124-8.shtml
Corel
Ottawa, Ontario - January 18, 2000 - Corel Corporation today announced it has entered into an agreement to acquire up to a 30 per cent stake in OE/ONE.com, a start-up company developing an "Information Appliance" platform or thin-client Internet Appliance platform.
Founded by former Corel executive Eid Eid this past year, OE/ONE.com has developed a software tool kit, specifications and an industrial design for the product, and is currently working with OEMs - including Tier One consumer electronics manufacturers - to develop the appliance, expected to hit the market in the sub-US $500 range.
Corel will assist OE/ONE.com in implementing many Corel� LINUX� features with the OE/ONE.com software. By leveraging what Corel has done with the File Manager, Browser, Control Center and GUI (graphical user interface), OE/ONE.com can bring ease-of-use at the screen and display level to the Information Appliance while running on Linux's stability and performance. At the same time, Corel will develop a scaled-down version of the Corel LINUX OS optimized for specific devices and applications.
Corel has also released WordPerfect Office 2000 Beta for Linux on its online beta testing sites. http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000131-1.shtml
Mandrake
Linux-Mandrake 7.0 (Air) has been released. http://www.linux-mandrake.com
Red Hat
Red Hat announced this week that it has begun shipping a new version of its Linux OS for Compaq Alpha computer systems... http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000113-5.shtml
SuSE
San Francisco, CA - January 4, 2000 - SuSE is announcing the availability of a beta-quality version of SuSE Linux 6.3 for the Macintosh PowerPC at MacWorld in San Francisco. The sales release of SuSE Linux for Power PC is planned for this spring. Offering SuSE Linux on PowerPC supports SuSE's strategy of cross-platform availability.
Nuremberg, 17th January 2000 -- SuSE Linux AG, one of the leading Linux specialists worldwide, is continuing to expand its support services. The opening of a new support center in Bremen is directly connected to the worldwide success of SuSE Linux AG's existing support services. The declared aim of SuSE Linux AG is to continue with this success, and to meet the continually growing demand in the area of support services for Linux. The Support Center in Bremen will begin operating on February 15, 2000.
Langenhagen/Nuremberg, Germany - 19 January 2000 - SuSE has teamed up with Minolta to facilitate printer support. The resultant benefits are significant. Linux users can now enjoy high-quality output from the Minolta PagePro 8, 18 and 25 monochrome laser printers. The recently launched Version 6.3 of SuSE Linux features a driver utility that also includes installation support for the PagePro 8, 18 and 25 printers. In practical terms, this means that these Minolta printers will be visible and selectable in the Linux user's windows and functions such as paper trays, mail bins, etc., will also be easily selectable - an important consideration for printers with hundreds of individually customizable configurations. Another practical advantage is that Minolta has just launched an extended version of its network management utility, PageScope, to make life easier for Linux network administrators.
Transmeta secrecy lifted
Transmeta, the company that employs Linus Torvalds, has finally let the world in on what it has been working on. On January 19, Transmeta announced a line of Crusoe CPUs. These chips utilize Code Morphing (TM) software to emulate other CPUs (most notably, Intel x86)--this is the part Linus was working on.
Transmeta is also creating a Linux distribution called Mobile Linux for computers without hard disks, with enhancements in the areas of power management and efficient memory use. The distribution will not be sold to the public, however. Instead, it will be offered to OEMs so that they can have an operating system to go with their new chip. Transmeta promises to release Mobile Linux as open-source software.
The information above was gathered from Transmeta's web pages www.transmeta.com (also known as www.crusoe.com), and especially from the FAQ http://www.transmeta.com/about/faq.html.
Analyses from the industry:
Linux curriculum begins today in Utah Public Schools
I am proud to announce what I believe to be the first ever Linux-based class to be held in any public school. Today begins the start of Linux' inroads into the mainstream educational arena here at the Davis Applied Technology Center (http://www.datc.tec.ut.us) .
The class itself, Introduction to GNU/Linux, is a course designed for people who have had some experience in computers, but do not know what Linux is, or how it operates. It does require some hands-on experience with computers, but only to make sure that students understand basic hardware and software concepts. It is also the fruit of a survey question asked of the Linux community in October's issue of the Linux Gazette (http://www.linuxgazette.com/)
This coursework (version 0.99) is currently in the process of gaining distribution approval by the Utah Attorney General's office, so that it can be posted in whole to the Linux Documentation Project. (This is because the State of Utah holds the ultimate copyright - I forsee no problems in gaining approval, however.) Once the curriculum is posted, it will be distributed under the auspices of Open Documentation, which means that it can be distributed and used much like Open Sourced software. A full declaration and conditions sheet is included in the document concerning the use and distribution of this curriculum.
The curriculum can be used as a self-paced/self-study guide (as is our normal mode of classwork here at DATC) or you can just as easily use it as an instructor's guide on the secondary educational level. I would also encourage those teaching undergrad-level college or technical courses to make full use of this document, once it is posted on the LDP.
I actively encourage all public school instructors to use this guide, and especially encourage all interested parties (be they teachers, students, or simply IT sysadmins) to feel more than free to mail me with constructive criticisms, suggestions for addition to this coursework, or even technical corrections. (Although I have tested all of the labs and coursework here, there may be some things I still may have missed.) Any questions about the course in general can be directed to me at tjmiller@datc.tec.ut.us As an aside, I am also actively working to add Sair Inc. Linux certification (http://www.linuxcertification.com) to the list of courses as well, since DATC also offers Novell, Cisco, and Microsoft MCP/MCSE courses.
My goal in writing this curriculum is simple: To bring Linux out of the back offices and hobbyists' desktops, and into the minds (and the hearts) of IT's future - the Comp Sci students of today. I find that the schools are where students discover and incorporate their loves and hates of the computer industry, and the sooner they can get started on learning the mysteries of Linux, the greater the benefits to the GNU/Linux movement in general.
"Open-source" Books
http://forums.oreilly.com/~publishing
The groundswell of Open Source, or free software, technologies has created a sea change in commercial book publishing. Several publishers, including O'Reilly & Associates, have started offering books under various open-content licenses so that they can be freely displayed on Internet sites, distributed with software on CD-ROMs, taken apart to be used for course handouts, and in some cases printed by other people besides the original publisher. As revolutionary for the publishing industry as this distribution mechanism is, some projects go even further to work directly with the developers of Open Source projects. We are likely to see the integration of professionally edited and produced documentation into the model of Open Source development over the next few years.
Having recently finished one project myself under an open-content license -- Using Samba -- and having started work on several other such projects, I'd like to invite all interested persons to a discussion on how the Open Source community and professional publishers can
1. Involve developers of open source software more directly in the development of high-quality guides and other professionally-edited content.
2. Find the development models for open documents that work well with the successful models used for open-source software.
There are many angles to consider -- quality control, Internet-time release schedules, the big-picture thinking required to keep the book's balance and structure strong during updates, risks and benefits of forking, adequate compensation for writers and publishers, dealing with the natural tendency to want to hide work in progress with competitive publishers -- so take your pick and give us a thoughtful post!
-Andy Oram, Editor, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
andyo@oreilly.com
Linsight launches
Linsight is the professional approach toward providing a single and complete information resource for Linux. By providing resources for interested readers, Linsight will advocate Linux to an entirely new audience and raise awareness of the operating system to new markets. The need for a complete Linux information resource will be met, and Linsight stands ready to accomplish this goal.
Phase 1 of Linsight, launched today, is comprised of two resources:
LinEvents:
LinEvents (http://linevents.com) exists to make information pertaining to upcoming events that are related to Linux and Free Software/Open Source accessible.
LinEvents has been created to achieve the following goals:
LinTraining:
LinTraining (http://lintraining.com) exists to make information pertaining to Linux training and certification accessible.
LinTraining has been created to achieve the following goals:
Linsight (http://linsight.com/) is founded by Dave Whitinger, co-founder of Linux Today, and is wholly owned by Atipa Corporation.
IDG/Linus Torvalds Community Award
Framingham, Mass. - January 3, 2000 - IDG World Expo today announced that The XFree86 Project, Inc. is the recipient of the February 2000 IDG/Linus Torvalds Community Award. IDG Chairman and Founder, Patrick J. McGovern and Linux creator Linus Torvalds will present the $25,000 award at LinuxWorld Conference & Expo, following Torvalds' keynote address on Wednesday, February 2, 2000 at the Jacob Javits Center, New York City, NY.
"The XFree86 Project embodies the essence of the free software movement," said Charlie Greco, IDG World Expo president and CEO. "Their work on the upcoming release of Xfree86 with Linux vendors like SuSE, VA Linux Systems and Red Hat ensures Linux compatibility with future releases of Xfree86."
Software Carpentry's Open Source design competition
The first stage of the Software Carpentry project is a design competition, with $100,000 in prizes for entries in four categories:
Entries will be published on the web, along with the judging panel's comments, in order to encourage discussion, and provide examples of good practice for the community at large.
Once winners have been announced, the project will provide $200,000 for implementation, review, testing, and documentation. All tools will be required to run on both Linux and Microsoft Windows NT, and to be implemented primarily in, or scriptable with, Python.
For more information, please see the Software Carpentry web page (www.software-carpentry.com).
Greg Wilson gvwilson@nevex.com (416) 593 2428
Wave Technologies acquires Sair
ST. LOUIS, January 11, 2000-- Wave Technologies International, Inc. (www.wavetech.com), has acquired Sair, Inc. (www.linuxcertification.com). Sair develops comprehensive vendor-neutral Linux training materials and is the architect of the Sair Linux & GNU Certification and its associated exams. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.
Wave intends to continue a separate Sair Linux & GNU subsidiary that will promote and market Linux training and certification programs. The combined organizations will pursue four major strategic initiatives consisting of:
1. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) sales of training materials. The companies have disclosed existing development agreements with Compaq, Linuxcare, Caldera(r) and others.
2. Certification Exams. Wave's strategic focus has been on IT certification, and Wave plans to support and continue to expand its certification programs including boot camps currently delivered for individuals pursuing the Linux Professional Institute certification, the Red Hat( Certified Engineer designation and the Sair Linux & GNU Certification.
3. Boot Camp Programs. Wave currently offers intensive integrated training programs that provide self study, Internet-based training and intensive live labs targeted at major certifications. Wave and its global network of independent distributors plan to expand Linux certification training programs.
4. Publishing and Distribution. The company plans to expand its distribution of courseware under Sair's existing Authorized Centers for Education (ACE) program and to leverage Wave's existing global distribution network for expanded training sales and distribution.
Founded in 1992, Sair is a leading provider of live Linux certification exams. The Sair Linux & GNU Certification is comprised of three levels, each containing four exams. Sair has a contract with Sylvan Prometric for delivery of the 12 Sair Linux & GNU exams, making them available to more than 140 countries. To date, four exams have been submitted to Sylvan for delivery. The three levels of certification include: Level I- Sair Linux & GNU Certified Administrator (LCA); Level II-Sair Linux & GNU Certified Engineer (LCE); and Level III-Master Sair Linux & GNU Certified Engineer (MLCE).
Linuxnerds certification test wants contributions
Linuxnerds.com is attempting to assemble a comprehensive Linux certification test. This test would be issued over the web at no cost the Linux community. At this time we at Linuxnerds.com would like to request contributions in the form of question and answer for inclusion. People whose questions are included will be given credit for them. Questions should be submitted to Questions@Linuxnerds.com in essay form and elicit an explanation not true/false or multiple choice. On 1/30/2000 we hopefully, as a community, will sort through the contributions and post a draft certification test by 2/15/2000 with a final copy posted by 3/1/2000. Comments and questions concerning this announcement should be sent to Nerd@Linuxnerds.com.
Colorado Linux Info Quest conference
Denver, CO (Jan 17, 2000) -- In response to the tremendous growth of Linux over the past few years, Colorado Linux Info Quest (CLIQ) is proud to announce the first ever Linux conference and exhibit to be held along the Colorado Front Range, Saturday, April 1st, 2000 at the Denver Tech Center Marriott.
CLIQ, in association with local Linux user groups and local and regional Linux business sponsors, will be holding a one day event featuring a full days schedule of Linux exhibits, invited talks, real world demonstrations and Birds of a Feather sessions.
Vendors and visitors should check the CLIQ web site, http://thecliq.org, often for more up to date information.
Embedded Linux Polls from LinuxDevices.com
PALO ALTO, CA., December 12, 1999 -- LinuxDevices.com, the popular embedded Linux portal, today launched the web's first automated Embedded Linux Polls center. The online polls will track developer and user trends and preferences in the hot emerging market for Linux in non-desktop "embedded" system applications. These are non-desktop applications for computers where the device is not itself considered a computer, such as ATM machines, internet kiosks, industrial process control, medical instruments, and telecommunications devices.
"In contrast to the desktop PC domain" says LinuxDevices.com founder Rick Lehrbaum, "Microsoft doesn't dominate the embedded space." "The big players, here, have until recently been Wind River Systems (VxWorks), Microtec (VRTX), Microware (OS9), QNX Software Systems (QNX OS), and Lynx Real-time Systems (LynxOS)," adds Lehrbaum.
"Although over the past year, Microsoft has made a strong play for the embedded space with a dual -- though somewhat confused -- approach consisting of both Windows CE and Windows NT Embedded, most embedded developers are wary of designing a Microsoft desktop or palmtop operating system into small footprint or real-time embedded applications where performance and reliability are paramount," continues Lehrbaum. "Against this backdrop, the ability of developers to tune and customize Linux, in combination with its well known robustness, has made Linux a growing alternative to both the Microsoft Windows OSes and the traditional proprietary RTOSes," concludes Lehrbaum.
Through its new Embedded Linux Polls function, LinuxDevices.com intends to measure and characterize current and future preferences and trends of embedded system developers. Like Linux itself, the polls data collected by LinuxDevices.com will be fully available for all to review once each weekly poll has closed. A new poll will be held each week, with the results of past polls readily available for inspection. Users and prospective users of Linux in embedded applications are encouraged to participate in the polls, which can be found at http://www.linuxdevices.com/polls. Companies or developers are also invited to submit proposed poll questions to LinuxDevices.com via email, at polls@linuxdevices.com.
Linux Links
Linux font HOWTO (from C.O.L.A.)
iNUX inc. sells Linux desktop computers "distinguished by the stunning and interactive 3D graphics of our intuitive user interface. Upon system start-up, users are presented with comfortable access to ten, instead of just one, computer desktops."
MyFreeDesk.com offers a suite of office applications run directly on their web site.
Linux-based DSL modem. (Silicon Automation Systems Limited)
LinuxLinks reached just over 8,000 verified LinuxLinks after the new Millennium. This represents a rapid increase in the number of new links entered into database per month and further demonstrates the continuing expansion of quality websites on the net covering Linux.
LinuxNetMag is a Linux ezine published in German and English.
The Linux Professional Institute has released the first exam in its Linux certification program.
Interview with Red Hat CTO Michael Tiemann
GetTux.com offers SubX: HowTo Edition, a monthly CD-ROM containing Linux HOWTOs and kernel updates. The cost is US$10 per month. A portion of each subscription cost will be donated to the Linux Documentation Project.
www.linu-x.com is a Linux news/download portal.
C.O.L.A software news
PySol 3.30 now contains 160 solitaire games. It even has its own comic strip episode.
kim is an interactive user-friendly process manager. It looks similar to Midnight Commander.
Other software
Integrated Business Systems & Services, Inc. has certified Synapse Manufacturing and Synapse EAI+ for Linux.
Cygnus, which recently merged with Red Hat, announced a software development environment for Nintendo's Game Boy Advance video game system.
DNS ports... --or--
Seagate SCSI tape problem --or--
DAT --or--
Linux password lost --or--
WUFTP and authentication --or--
Linux box as a router: Kewl! --or--
ans guy ? --or--
+routing -masquerading --or--
January Answer Guy: "Can't See Ethernet Card" --or--
stty parity, LG Issue 48 AG item --or--
radio receiver for serial port use; Published in Linux Gazette
--or--
Id "x" respawning
Outlook Clients Fail to find Mail Host
LG49 Mailz --or--
Reveal Sound Card --or--
Question --or--
KVM switch --or--
Changing distributions, fstab and labels --or--
Netscape Messenger --or--
Linux 6.0 NTPd question --or--
233mhz to 450mhz --or--
LiLo --or--
Here's a good question for you... --or--
holy linux --or--
"harden" Linux DNS server --or--
Question --or--
Foxbase --or--
Hard drive --or--
How can I view ascii data coming across my serial port? --or--
Telnet --or--
X Server --or--
Redirecting stdin on telnet --or--
LI --or--
Redhat 6.1 and Netscape --or--
Can't Log in as 'root' via telnet
Exceed & Linux --or--
just a question about linux. very puzzling --or--
Open ports --or--
Daemons
Now what? --or--
maybe you know where I can look --or--
Can you possibly shed some light? --or--
Idled Daemon on Linux --or--
Monthly Win (Lose) Modem Question
IMAP/POP daemon on RH 6.0 and 6.1 --or--
Greetings from Jim DennisAll,
This is going to be a great year for Linux.
I was at a Fry's (a chain of computer stores in California and around the west coast of the U.S.) in Palo Alto a couple of weeks ago. They had Loki games for Linux at the endcap of one aisle, boxes of Corel's new Linux distribution at the end of another, and copies of _Linux_Unleased_ at the end of another. As Heather and I wandered past the a components wall we heard a customer insisting that he needed a "100% Linux compatible" motherboard. While I was browsing the magazines, Heather brought over a store employee who she heard telling one of his co-workers that he needed to go study Linux 'cause he was hearing so much about it. When we were in the check out stand the guy next to us was buying a copy of TurboLinux 4.0 and a small stack of books to go with it. (No, I didn't see copies of my book there yet. Darn!).
[ I brought that employee over to give him my business card, after answering a handful of his questions. Business is booming for Linux consulting, too. -- Heather ]
That was just a short trip to the store to get some party supplies (hosting some cypherpunks from the RSA conference). We wanted to special lighting.
While we were there we also picked up a couple of little UPS power strips (CyberPower Systems http://www.cyberpowersystems.com) for a couple of the workstations around the house. These were only about $70 each and there were the only ones in their price range that have serial connectors for UPS power management. This wasn't important for Heather and I, but we figured it would be a nice feature to play with. I figured that there wasn't much chance for there to be a Linux driver in the package (there wasn't) but there might be some freeware already done (there is).
The cool thing is that I found the link to the University of Iowa powstatd (power status daemon) (http://dollar.biz.uiowa.edu/powstatd). (The irritating thing is that that was a "JavaScript" driven link on CyperPower's web site, but they may yet get another helping of clue). So powstatd is available as RPM and Debian packages. In fact it's available as two different Debian packages depending on whether you need the encryption support that makes it less dangerous to remotely control the power/shutdown on other systems over your network using this tool.
The gist of this is that the Linux software for this peripheral is readily available, linked to the manufacturer's web site and that it probably offers more utility and better security than the included proprietary software. (Also the fact that Alberto Maria Segre's powstatd package is open source means that our *BSD cousins can use it and that future operating systems will find it that much easier to support).
[ Chances are pretty good that FreeBSD's support for Linux binaries would run it directly. It's probably more important that our cousins on non-Intel hardware, whether running Linux, *BSD or something else, will be able to recompile it. -- Heather ]
(I went back to a different Fry's last night and picked up a copy of "Heroes of Might & Magic III" for Linux, which was ported by Loki Software http://www.lokigames.com. They had Linux copies of Civilization, Quake III, and Railroad Tycoon. They also had plush stuffed "Tux" penguins all over the store).
To many new Linux users this may not seem remarkable. However, to those of use who started using Linux back in about '92 it's pretty incredible.
Last month I was looking through Microtimes and Computer Currents (a couple of freebie local computer "newspapers" which are almost all advertising for regional computer stores; they each have SF Bay Area and Los Angeles editions). I noticed that many (about 25%) of the ads for computers systems now mention Linux (and FreeBSD in some cases).
Of course, some people would hasten that the Silicon Valley isn't middle america, and Fry's isn't the venue for "Joe Sixpack." However, it's hard to deny that this is happening in other places, too. (Linux is particularly popular in other countries, particularly Europe and Asia). I seem to recall that IDC or Gartner recently had to revise their estimates of how fast Linux was growing --- especially on the desktop/client side.
I've experienced another indication of Linux growth over the last few months. When I first started doing the "Answer Guy" column I received an average of 30 questions a month. Now I get about 50 per week!
(Sorry I can't answer them all. I don't even have a "fair" or sensible way to pick which questions I answer. Basically I answer them when I see them or set them aside and hope for a night when I'm watching TV and have idle fingers).
Some people might complain that "answer guy" mail volume is not a representative sampling of overall Linux usage. It could be that I'm getting more popular among the existing Linux userbase. Who knows. I'm just a sysadmin, support guy and sometimes writer.
But this sure looks like a good year to be a Linux geek from where I'm sitting.
Of course anyone who wants to look into it for themselves can point their web browser at http://www.google.com and search on the string: "Linux market research" and read what lots of other people are saying on the subject).
Makes me glad that I'm such a "curses curmudgeon." The truth is that the main reason I chose Linux is because Microsoft was pushing MS Windows so hard. I don't like GUIs and for a long time I couldn't afford a monitor that was big enough to display a reasonable working area (for an environment that insists on cluttering half of the available space with menus, titles, scroll bars, status lines, icon ribbons, ruler bars and other crap that I don't need to see) and that had enough of a refresh rate to let me work for hours without that exhausting flicker.
So, I decided to Learn UNIX so I could still do most of what I wanted in "text mode" (through a terminal if necessary). I grabbed a (used) copy of Coherent and played with that enough to do the basics. From there I started reading the alt.os.linux news group (just after its split from alt.os.minix, which I also used to read). Eventually I got access to enough bandwidth to download my first distribution (SLS). Later I bought my first Linux on a CD (Yggdrasil).
[ Although we know what happened to it (others became more popular by updating faster) I swear I still don't know what happened to its author, Peter MacDonald. Even the Linux CREDITS file has no address for him.
There was an excellent article on the early distributions in Linux Journal, Issue 2. -- Heather ]
But enough about the past. Now about the future. I don't know any more about the future than anyone else. However it does appear that I'll be in New York at the LinuxExpo that'll be going on there from February 1st through the 4th. My co-authors should also both be there, so come on my the Linuxcare booth or hunt me down in the hallway track or at the BoFs (birds of a feather meetings).
[ Hey, let's keep that straight. It's LinuxWorld conference and expo in New York ... they couldn't take the URL "linuxworld" because Linux World magazine already had it. They did manage to snag "linuxexpo.com", but "linux-expo.com" leads to Linux Expo 2000 is in Paris, France, on the 1st through 3rd of February.
It's hard to tell, but I think it's the same parent group running it, so maybe that makes it less wacky that they're on the same dates (essentially competing with each other). Apparently even the conference folks agree, there's enough Linuxers to go around.
I ask, would it have been too hard to offer "paris.linuxworldexpo.com" and "newyork.linuxworldexpo.com"? I'm getting really tired of seeing entire domains squished into the tiny existence of "www" being their only visible host.
And before anybody asks, no. We're NOT going to both shows. -- Heather ]
Hope to see you all there.
DNS Ports: A bit about Name Resolution ProtocolsFrom Matt Harrington on Sun, 02 Jan 2000 on the SAGE (USENIX Sysadmin's Guild) list
is the following true or false?
a client talks to a nameserver on port 53/tcp. the nameserver answers back on a random udp port greater than 1023.
http://www.intac.com/~cdp/cptd-faq/section2.html#ports
... However, I'll also add some detail here.
First point: normal DNS resolution occurs over UDP.
The usual sequence for a UNIX client is something like this:
The application executes a call to "gethostbyname()" (a standard library function, which is linked into the libc on almost any UNIX platform). gethostbyname() in glibc (Linux libc version 6.x) is implemented to look at the contents of your /etc/nsswitch.conf file, and apply a set of rules from that to load NSS (name services systems) libraries. Most Linux systems are configured to use libnsscompat.so --- which uses NIS/NIS+, DNS and traditional UNIX files (/etc/hosts, /etc/networks). You can see all of the NSS libraries on most Linux systems using the command:
ls /lib/libnss*
... although you might have to look at the contents of /etc/ld.so.conf for a list of other directories in which other libnss libraries might exist.
Entries in /etc/nsswitch.conf will refer to these libraries (take the basename of the library file and trim off the "libnss" prefix to relate library name to the nsswitch.conf keyword).
Before I get back to describing the DNS IP protocols (your question) I'll mention that all this complexity and redirection is actually useful since it allows an admin to configure his Linux (or other GNU system) to use files, DNS, NIS, NIS+, as well as more obscure Hesiod, and new LDAP and NDS naming/directory services without having to recompiling any of the standard utilities on any system.
It's also important to realize that the Linux and UNIX doesn't have any sort of "resolver daemon" nor is this a function of the kernel (a system call or device driver or anything like that). This is just a set of libraries to which almost all other applications are linked.
When the system is configured to use DNS (as they almost all are) then the library functions open and read the /etc/resolv.conf file. This gives a list of DNS servers to which the resolver will direct its initial queries.
The query will be over UDP, with an arbitrary unprivileged source port and a destination port of 53 (which is the DNS query port listed in your /etc/services file).
The initial response should come from one of the DNS servers as listed in /etc/resolv.conf, and be directed back to (have a destination port equal to) the source of the query. The source of the response should also be port 53.
Notice that I mentioned "initial" queries and responses. That's because the DNS protocol allows a server to refer the client to some other DNS server. Thus there may be an initial response that amounts to: "I don't know, go ask ..."
Thus the standard packet filtering rules that you're thinking about require one to allow UDP traffic from port 53 to any unprivileged port in your domain.
Naturally this seems a bit too loose. One approach is to have the firewall track outstanding DNS requests maintaining a context state and only permitting responses back to host/port pairs that have outstanding DNS queries. This is call "stateful" packet inspection and it is one of the features that distinguishes a "firewall" from a simple "packet filter."
(Actually I hate to use the term "firewall" because it is so nebulous. However, I have to simplify a bit or I can't say anything).
A better approach is to configure your caching name server(s) so they never forward clients to other name servers. Thus you can have one or more "sacrificial" caching nameservers on your perimeter network, allow all DNS traffic to those, and have a set of rules on the interior router/packet filters that allows all DNS traffic from those to your hosts.
This is the architecture I recommend.
i can't seem to find the answer in various o'reilly books. of
course, someone walked off with the DNS one.
the reason i ask is that i'm trying to write a cisco access list which blocks all traffic to my subnet. i still want to talk to the nameservers though, which are on another subnet. note: i don't even have access to the router. i'm just trying to make it easy for the overworked network guys to put this filter in place.
DNS only seems to work if the following line is in place...
access-list ### permit udp host ip.of.name.server any gt 1023
---matt
Implicitly you are trying to use the architecture that I've recommended above. You're trying to limit the DNS traffic that comes into your subnet so that it all comes from a particular name server.
Note that this requires that you configure your caching name server so that it never "forwards" DNS requests (tells the client to go ask a different server). This is done by configuring the caching name server with it's own "forwarders" directive (providing it with a list of some nearby "better connected" nameservers), and by using the "slave" directive in BIND 8.x.
Hope that explains it O.K. If not you might consider posting a more detailed question to "Ask Mr. DNS" at Acme Byte and Wire (http://www.acmebw.com/askmr.htm).
DNS Ports: Answers from another RecipientRobert Hajime Lanning answered on Sun, 02 Jan 2000 on the SAGE (USENIX Sysadmin's Guild) list
Hmm. That message was to the SAGE (USENIX Sysadmin's Guild) (http://www.usenix.org/sage) list, and not to my "Answer Guy" persona as I'd initially thought.
DNS is udp not tcp
Zone transfers can be tcp.
Request: client (libresolv) random above 1023 -> server (named) port 53
Response: server port 53 -> client same port that request was sent from
name server to name server: 53 -> 53 53 <- 53
More on the DNS Ports & Firewalling QuestionJim Duncan answered on Sun, 02 Jan 2000 on the SAGE (USENIX Sysadmin's Guild) list
Matt Harrington writes: is the following true or false?
a client talks to a nameserver on port 53/tcp. the nameserver answers back on a random udp port greater than 1023.
i can't seem to find the answer in various o'reilly books. of course,
someone walked off with the DNS one.
the reason i ask is that i'm trying to write a cisco access list which blocks all traffic to my subnet. i still want to talk to the nameservers though, which are on another subnet. note: i don't even have access to the router. i'm just trying to make it easy for the overworked network guys to put this filter in place.
DNS only seems to work if the following line is in place...
access-list ### permit udp host ip.of.name.server any gt 1023
4.2. Port Number Selection
Replies to all queries must be directed to the port from which they were sent. When queries are received via TCP this is an inherent part of the transport protocol. For queries received by UDP the server must take note of the source port and use that as the destination port in the response. Replies should always be sent from the port to which they were directed. Except in extraordinary circumstances, this will be the well known port assigned for DNS queries [RFC1700].
So this means if the query came in to port 53 from source port nnnnn, it must go back out to port nnnnn, source port 53. And almost always, the destination port inbound and source port outbound will be 53.
If your goal is to allow outside resolvers and servers to query your own name servers, then you need to allow port 53, both UDP and TCP, through to the IP address of your name server, e.g.,
access-list ### permit udp host ip.of.name.server eq domain any access-list ### permit tcp host ip.of.name.server eq domain any
Why tcp? Because if the response is too large for a UDP packet, the rules say to retry using TCP. Also, TCP is typically used for zone transfers.
Some folks know the second rule but not the first -- a little knowledge is a dangerous thing -- and so they apply two rules like this:
access-list ### permit udp host ip.of.name.server eq domain any access-list ### permit tcp host ip.of.name.server eq domain host secondary.name.server
They may have additional lines like the second, one for each secondary name server providing fallback for their primary zones. But this is wrong because it neglects the case where TCP is called into play because the UDP response is too big for a single packet, and then things will begin to fail in strange ways.
I should point out that some folks may never see this behavior because they never see a response too big for UDP. Also, while there are a small number of different servers out there, there are a multitude of resolvers, and many of them are broken or not fully tested for situations like this. It's possible that if the response it too big, the resolver may break anyhow, regardless of the access-list configuration on the Cisco router.
It's easier, by the way, to provide access as in the first examples I list above because you're explicitly allowing the access to domain name service on the name server on the inbound interface. That's better than opening up a huge range of ports, outbound, to do the inverse with "gt 1023".
Hope this helps.
Jim
Tape Drive ErrorsFrom M Wyn on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Please also send me a copy of your answer if you got one. Many thanks.
I've just bought a Dell 1300 server with factory-installed RedHat 6.1. The machine was ordered with an internal Seagate DAT tape drive. It is a SCSI, DDS-3 24G, STD124000N (3.5") internal unit. The /var/log/dmesg file identifies the drive: "Detected scsi tape st0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 6, lun 0".
Issuing command (as root):
'mt -f /dev/st0 status' with a DAT in, returns
"SCSI 2 tape drive:
File number= -1, block number=-1, partition=0
Tape block size 0 bytes. Ddensity code 0x0 (default).
Soft error count since last status =0
General status bits on (10000):
IM_REP_EN"
and the tape access lite blinks indicating error reading the tape. Ejected tape then re-inserted it to clear the blinking lite then issuing command (as root):
'mt -f /dev/st0 rewind'
returns: "/dev/st0: Input/output error"
Doing a 'tar cvf /dev/st0 .' will return I/O errors. In short, the tape drive is not useable.
RedHat folks suggested to install the 'mt-st0.5b-4.i386.rpm'. Issuing 'rpm -iq mt-st' returns a message saying that it is installed. Trying to 'rpm -Uvh mt-st-0.5b-4.i386.rpm' and got the "package installed" message. Tried to de-install using 'rpm -e mt-st-0.5b-4.i386.rpm' and got 'package not installed'
Dell told me to call Linuxcare. No answer just yet. Any idea?
Private email would be highly appreciated. Thanks.
Michael Wyn
On most 4mm DAT drives the "blinking" LED error is an indication that the drive needs to be cleaned. I'd run a cleaning tape into the drive and let it run.
I highly recommend running your data through Lee McLoughlin's 'buffer' program. That should be included with your distribution or find it at Freshmeat (http://www.freshmeat.net) or RPM Find (http://www.rpmfind.net). 'buffer' will smooth the system's access to the tape drive, ensure steady flow and good "streaming." Search the back issues of my column for the gory details.
Other than that I'd suggest having the drive serviced. It wouldn't hurt to upgrade your kernel (if you're still running 2.2.5, which shipped with the most recent Red Hat). However, I've never heard of any software/driver problems with the Linux st (SCSI tape) drivers.
Seagate SCSI tape problemFrom M Wyn on Fri, 21 Jan 2000
Thanks for your note.
I cleaned the drive using a brand new cleaning tape from Dell.
No success. Additional info:
when I tried issuing 'mt -f /dev/st0 load', I got "st0: error with sense data: [valid=0] Info fld=0x0, current st09:001 sense key Hardware error. /dev/st0: Input/Output error"
You may be right that I have a defective tape drive unit (even it was received in Dec. 99). Incidentally, I erased a voice message from a Dell representative saying that after the unit was shipped, they found out that DAT tape drive was not "certified" yet [.. with linux 6.1 and Dell 1300 server..].
I'll be contacting them this morning. If you have additional comments/suggestions, please email them to me.
Sincerely;
Michael Wyn
Tape Drive ErrorsFrom M Wyn on Sun, 30 Jan 2000
Thanks for your note. It turns out that the tape driver terminator came loose during shipping. Pressed it in firmly (a sweet click was heard!) and the tape is running AOK now.
Sincerely;
Michael Wyn
Drivers for SCSI/DAT Tape DrivesFrom Dave Lammon on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Hi,
We are using a Compaq Proliant to do some of our DNS work since NT will
not support the way our reverse delegation is done.
I'm trying to use a shareware tape backup program and the compaq has a compaq DAT on a scsi channel.
I'm sort of new with Linux and I prbably dont have device support for the tape drive. Do I use ftape or is there another module to use for this. I will try compiling a new kernel and see what options are there. I am using Redhat 6x.
Any help would be apreciated.
Thanks
Dave Lammon
Network Administrator
If this is an autochanger you might want to get the 'mtx' utility which can be found at its author's web site:
- Dandelion Digital's Linux Home Page
- http://www.dandelion.com/Linux
... this is like the 'mt' command but it adds support for commands like: "next", "previous", etc (and the ioctl()'s to go with them).
If you can't access your tape drive, try loading the st.o module. If you've built your own kernel for this system, go back into your kernel sources, re-run the make menuconfig (or make xconfigure, or whatever you like) and make sure that you have the SCSI tape support compiled in available as a module.
Note that using auto-loading support for the tape modules has been a problem in the past. I highly recommend that you manually load and unload your st.o driver (or build it statically into your kernel). The problem is that an autoloaded st.o might get auto-unloaded at an inopportune time (when there's been enough inactivity on the driver. In those cases, when the driver is re-loaded it will reset the drive and rewind the tape. This could be bad if you intended to APPEND new datasets to an existing tape.
DATFrom Dave Lammon on Fri, 21 Jan 2000
Thank You,
this is excellent help, far more than I expected.
I did manage to get the DAT to work with the tape software. I used
/dev/st0 and it looks like its working.
I greatly appreciate the help.
[ p.s. Dave, turn off the HTML+plaintext option in your mailer. Thanks. -- Heather. ]
Lost PasswordFrom Joy Higgins on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
My boyfriend put Linux Caldera on the home computer which means the only one left is my work one... I know practically nothing about computers to begin with so be patient okay??
He was making a third user name and for some reason he not only couldn't get into that users desktop (wording? I'm sorry!) and then he found he couldn't log into root either. He tried getting the password but it didn't work...
He called a computer guy that told him it sounds like the computer is now worth the metal it took to make it because of Linux being on it but not accessible and we could purchase a couple thousand dollars of a "password cracker" if we wish... we do not. Is there any way to get roots password because we think it was changed instead of having the third users password entered in (I hope that makes sense to you). Can you help us please? I just want my computer back.
Joy
For the record you can buy my book for less than thirty dollars (U.S.) and the first thing I cover in the "Emergencies" appendix is how to recover from a lost root password. This is also one of the most common FAQs on the comp.unix.admin newsgroup.
For Linux all you have to do is:
- 1. Reboot
- (try [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[Delete])
- 2. During the LILO prompt type:
- (kernel/image name) init=/bin/sh rw
... note that's usually going to be just:
linux init=/bin/sh rw- 3. This should start the Linux kernel,
- with the root filesystem mounted in read/write mode. The cool thing is that none of your normal init processes (like the gettys that ask for your name and call the login program) will be started.
- 4. (Maybe) mount your /usr filesystem with a command like:
- mount /usr
- 5. Change your root password with a command like:
- passwd
- 6. Flush the cache buffers:
- sync; sync; sync
- 7. (Maybe) unmount /usr:
- umount /usr
- 8. Remount the root fs in readonly mode:
- mount -o remount,ro /
- 9. Let init clean up and reboot the system:
- exec /sbin/init 6
... there is a "6" (six) at the end of that command.
That's it. Don't worry about the couple of lines where I said '(Maybe)' --- you can follow those steps too, if you don't understand. The errors from unnecessarily executing those steps are harmless.
You can follow a similar procedure using a "rescue" diskette. However, I'll let you buy my book (or visit http://www.toms.net/rb) for the details on that approach. That book is "Linux System Administration" by M Carling, Stephen Degler, and me (New Riders Publishing).
Hope that helps. Don't let that "computer guy" near any of your Linux boxes. (Even if he knows quite a bit about MS Windows I wouldn't let him near any of my systems, his advice was horridly uninformed and it sounds like he delivered his misinformation with an air of authority and conviction that exacerbates the problem).
Linux password lostFrom Joy Higgins on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Thank you so much for your quick response!! I'm printing it out and bringing it home... and the "computer guy" isn't getting any more business!
Thanks again!
Joy
When AUTH is ident, not AuthenticationFrom John Garetti on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Hi. My name is John. Wondering if there is a way to tell the ftpd from Wash. Univ. to send authentication requests over the same port as the main ftp port. It seems to be using port 113 which is driving my router admin people up the wall.
Thx.
- Identification Protocol
- http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1413.html
This is not "authentication" like asking for a password or a key or anything like that. It just asks the remote system what username owns a given TCP socket and it is used for logging. Obviously the remote system might respond with anything. The result cannot be trusted unless the remote system is known to be secure and under the same administration as the FTP server.
Anyway you should be able to disable this behaviour and/or block the port. This is especially important if you plan to let MS Windows clients access this server (since they don't support the ident/auth protocol, but the attempts will cause significant connection delays).
WUFTP and authenticationFrom John Garetti on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
thx for the info.
How do you say "Dial on Demand"From edj on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
This may be really trivial for unix gurus, but I can't contain my
excitement at having successfully routed my small office LAN
through my linux box to a single ppp account! Broadband's too
expensive and before I got this set up we were running around
telling each other to hang up coz we needed to check our
e-mail! Heh, now we can all surf the web at the same time.
This is no small feat for a Mac user.
But I have one challenge which I think I'm going to need some help with. On a Mac I can get the PPP client to dial the ISP automatically when a TCP/IP application starts up and needs to connect to the internet. How do I do this on linux?
-edj
Search the pppd(8) man page for the term "demand" and read through that a bit.
I notice that Al Longyear's PPP FAQ is desparately out of date and should be updated sometime soon. It still refers us to diald. Of course you can still use diald in any event, but you should be able to simply add the "demand" keyword to your /etc/ppp/options file.
Hope that helps.
"edj": Re: PPP Dial on DemandFrom star on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Hi Jim,
Thanks, that really helped.
- -edj
Looking for ...From Ashish Duggal on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
hi !
sorry to bother you. but, i was wondering if i could write to you on this
address for linux answers ?
thanks and regards
ashish
I'm getting a lot more "Answer Guy" mail than I used to, and I have a lot less time to answer it.
That means that your chances of being one of the ones I get to in a given month are getting lower every day.
My criteria for answering questions are not well defined. It depends mostly on what mood I'm in and how much TV I'm watching (I mostly answer LG AG mail while watching television).
Looking for the Linux GazetteFrom tedbdodd on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I found an answer to a Linux question you had answered. I found it through a search engine. I surmise that you write articles for a magazine or something. What would this be?
Ted B
Hello Routing, Goodbye MasqueradingFrom hax0r on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I've done masquerading a couple of times thanks to the wealth of information on it, esp. with cable/dsl.
But now I'm in a situation where I actually have 30 or so ip's to work with so I dont need to masquerade, only thats all I know how to do The linux box is to act as a normal firewall/gateway for various win boxen
Do I simply have to add the corrent routes for eth0 and eth1 and echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward?
the main command I have for masq now is
$IPCHAINS -A forward -s $INTERNALNET -d 0/0 -j MASQ
do I have to change MASQ to ACCEPT or delete this line altogether?
Justin
Routing really is that simple. You configure your interfaces with their routes, you enable the kernel's routing flag through the sysctl() (/proc/sys/net/.../) and that's it.
Note that you will probably still want to use ipchains to implement some packet filtering rules. Those are there to protect yourself from script-kiddies who are scanning the 'net for vulnerable hosts. They have scripts that are trying known exploits to break into any systems they can find (generally by scanning IP address ranges).
Note that your router (Linux) is the only thing between your MS-Windows boxes and the Internet. Win '98 and NT are relatively safe from "takeover" exploits. They don't offer interactive login service by default, and their APIs don't readily support remote control. So the principle dangers to your MS Windows systems are in the following three categories:
MS Windows systems are typically not very robust. Historically they have been locked up, or rebooted when they receive gibberish network traffic on any port to which they are listening. It is lucky for Windows users that their OS ships "deaf" and doesn't listen for much.
- DoS: denial of service
- File Service Leakage
- Viruses
- Trojan Horses
The "file sharing" features in MS Windows are notorious complex, insecure, and unstable. You should definitely stop all traffic between ports 137 through 139 and the Internet.
Packet filtering won't protect you from viruses and trojan horses. These you'll primarily get via e-mail attachments, and your best defense is to avoid executing programs and opening documents that are sent to you. (Unfortunately most Microsoft application products currently support various forms of executable macros and dynamic content embedded in their "data").
Personally I'd suggest that you actually continue to use IP masquerading as much as you can. It's somewhat safer in that the script kiddies can't establish direct connections to your internal systems.
At the same time you should protect your Linux router using a combination of packet filtering and hosts.deny (TCP_Wrappers) rules, and by disabling any services that you aren't actively using. Replace telnet with ssh, and FTP with scp or sslftp. Read the Security HOWTO (http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO.html) by Kevin Fenzi and Dave Wreski and the Linux Administrators Security Guide (http://metalab.unc.edu/lasg)
- (Warning!: you'll need a PDF viewer for that last URL, I've heard that Kurt agreed to open this up to HTML conversion but I can't find a handly link to it at the moment).
[ The HTML version is now available at http://www.securityportal.com/lasg/. To find this, I looked in the FAQ found at the URL Jim gave, found that that the main site didn't work, and decided to try it with standard HTTP instead of HTTPS after all. The home page there is quite basic but led me to the correct place. Enjoy! -- Heather ]
+routing -masqueradingFrom Justin Azoff on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Thanks for all the info on routing etc, no wonder i couldnt find any info
on it, its too simple.
Unfortunately the dsl provider that finally came through only gave us one
ip so im back to masquerading
Justin
Linksys Ether16 NIC installation issues, as asked...[ This was our most popular question for answers from the crowd to help out the Answer Guy. So, for those of you who missed it, the original question was... -- Heather ]
From Chuck Whinney on Sun, 05 Dec 1999
I cant seem to get my Linksys Ether16 LAN card to work under linux. I turned off the PnP liek teh linksys website said, and I turned the motherboard setting from PnP on that IRW to the ISA setting. Linux still never recognizes it.
Any ideas? Thanks! Chuck
More on Linksys Ether16 Cardsrabuno answered on Sun, 02 Jan 2000
A loyal reader offers this answer to supplement one from last month.
Chuck Whinney (no email) asks you:
[ Nobody's email is listed in Answer Guy messages, because I strip them out unless it's actually important to the question or commentary. I believe privacy is important, and I won't have spambots harvesting addresses via this column. I've snipped the repeat, as I just did that above. -- Heather ]
The Linksys Ether16 is a nice cheap card. Out of p-n-p mode it acts like
a NE2000, at least close enough so the Linux ne driver has no trouble
running it. The card comes with a DOS floppy with the configuration
program, but Chuck shouldn't need to use that unless the card has been
previously used (in a Winxx machine) or unless he wants to set goofy IO
address or IRQ settings. The last couple I've purchased new ($30 at my
local office supply store) came defaulted to NE2000 mode, IRQ=5, IO
address=300.
The only possible causes of trouble in Chuck's case, imho, would be:
If Chuck continues to have troubles with the card feel free to send him my email & I can try to help him out.
I loyally read your column in LG. Thanks; you are providing a great service. Happy New Year.
A Solution to: How to detect Linksys Ether16 CardsClaude Baker answered on Sat, 08 Jan 2000
Here's another reader-contributed answer to using those pesky NE2000 clone Linksys Ether16 ethernet cards:
The writer questions how to detect a LinkSys Ether16 and you suggest
another card.
I have that card in a router/firwall box which is based upon a P133 with a PCI motherboard. I'm ashamed to admit it, but I spent 2-3 months figuring out how to configure the card. As you might guess, I was looking in the wrong places because I thought that I was misconfiguring the routing and masquerading.
The Linksys card is an ne2000 clone and it is setup using a DOS utility found on the driver diskette. The driver software may be downloaded from the LinkSys site and it is an executable that copies itself to a floppy. Once the download is on a floppy, a:\utility\setup queries the card to display IRQ and I/O addresses. The utility also allows you to set the desired IRQ, I/O address, and select between RJ-45 or BNC I/O on the card. All setup choices are saved in non-volatile memory.
Setup on my machine also required a change in the Award BIOS - I had to specify the IRQ I used to be a "Legacy ISA" rather than "PCI/ISA PnP" for Linux.
I spent some time setting up a Linux Router Project distribution for that machine and have a recollection that in addition to pulling in the non-PCI ne2000 module, I also needed an 8309 module. My impression is that the ne2000 is part of the 8309 family.
Claude Baker
Linksys Ether16 NIC installation issuesmarcus.post answered on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
I wanted to comment on this because some easy items where missed in answering this customer. THe chipset is fully supported, being an NE2000 clone that works just fine. If he is having difficulty installing it, here's where he should check:
These days I try to forward/respond to corrections and commentary on the threads in previous months.
#1 Conflicts. This is not likely a problem, since the Ether software that
sets the IRQ and I/O of the card checks for conflicts before setting the
resources. If you have not installed new hardware, or turned on any extra on
board peripherals (Serial, Parallel, or USB ports), this shouldn't be an
issue.
#2 How the driver is loaded. As a shot in the dark, you are likely using
redhat, in which case the best choice is to use Linux Config to set up the
module to load at boot. Most distros will work the same way, but some you
have to manually edit rc.* files. THere is a linux-conf topic for network
interfaces, but I forget what it is called ATM. If you have to edit the rc.*
files, look for a rc.modules file; most distrobutions have one with the
network card modules already specified, but commented out. Find the one with
your module ( ne2k.o I believe) and uncomment it. In either case, don't
worry about specifying the IRQ; you only need to note the I/O address for
this card. VERY IMPORTANT when specifying the I/O port, use "0x320"
instead of "320". You have to specify the number is hex, which is '0x'. So,
if the software that disabled your plug n play on the card said it was using
port "330", tell linux that the port is "0x330" Don't expect the module to
autodetect the card: on this card, it almost never works (I own three of
them personally), while autodetect works on other cards, such as my SMC. I
don't know why, but don't count on the module to detect the card.
You make a good point about using the 0x prefix to indicate that you are providing a hexadecimal address. Presumably you could convert 0x300 to its decimal equivalent though I've never tried it.
One thing I do like about PCI --- it supports much easier and robust autodection than the old ISA cards.
You also have chosen reasonal I/O port addresses, 0x300, through 0x330 are the most common ethernet I/O base port mappings. I've also seen 0x240, and 0x280.
#3. I dont know about ISA IRQ changes you made in the BIOS. From personal
experience, they just aren't needed. You sound comfortable enough with them,
so you may want to change them back to normal once you are positve the Linux
configurations are correct and complete.
#4 Standard troubleshooting: If you dont get an error when booting, check 'ifconfig'. You may just need to assign the card an address, subnet, et al. Or, run dhcpcd if you have a DHCP server/cable modem/DSL router/whatever. Try a different ISA slot. If all looks good locally, but you cant reach outside of your own box, check your cables, subnet mask. First answer if the problem is hardware or software. Tackle it logically.
I have found that some 10/100 ethernet cards seem to be "allergic" to some hubs. So be sure to try a "known working" connection.
In particular I don't like the Linksys hubs, but I've never had problems with the Netgear products.
Running tcpdump on your interface can be a useful was to check for functionality. That should work so long as there is any traffic on the segment and the driver is loaded correctly. Thus you can isolate it to the higher level (addressing, masking, routing tables) or the lower (driver kernel, or physical link layer).
Best of luck,
Toodles
Clarification/Correction: stty -parenbFrom Lamar Owen on Thu, 23 Dec 1999
parenb (and -parenb) is the PARity ENaBle toggle. parodd (and -parodd) are to further set odd or even, with the default (IIRC) being even.
--
Lamar Owen
WGCR Internet Radio
Radio Time Source with Serial InterfaceFrom Shawn Bibb on Sat, 08 Jan 2000
In response to one of my discussions about NTP and time synchronization for disconnected (home) networks I commented on how I'd like to find a cheap GPS receiver with a serial interface. Those make good time sources for your home NTP server.
i have one of these and it works very well. ~$100. i recommend it.
http://www.atomictime.com/Atomic%20Time%20Web%20v4/Product17.html
Id "x" respawningBill McElhannon answered on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
A forward on an old issue.
Hello,
I had this problem today and found that it was caused by my root file system being full. This may be old news but I just thought I would pass it along in case it could help someone.
Thanks for your great work in The Linux Gazette, I really enjoy it and have learned a lot.
Bill McElhannon
Outlook Clients Fail to find Mail HostFrom Ted Allison on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Mr. Dennis,
We have recently begun to experience a new strange problem relating to trying to send email through our Linux 2.0.34 box. We have over 30 users that have Outlook 2000 and connect to our Linux box to send and receive email with no problems at all. The settings in Outlook 2000 are to use POP3 to receive email and SMTP to send email.
The problem is this: New users that we added cannot send email as they receive an error message that states that Outlook 2000 cannot find mail.xxxdomain.com. They can receive email with no problems, but all of the sudden new users cannot send email. Existing users have no problems sending or receiving, just new users which is very odd.
Any ideas as to what the problem may be? We would appreciate any help in this matter.
The error suggests a problem with the DNS resolving on the new clients. I'd look at that first. Then I'd look at other ways in which these new systems might differ from the existing clients.
Try using the TELNET.EXE client on one of these new system to connect to port 25 of the Linux box (mail.xxxdomain.com). If that works than the problem is purely with your client system and you should call a Microsoft support center.
[ Ted forwarded it to his colleague, Jeff. -- Heather. ]
Jim,
Thanks for the reply as I appreciate it. The problem ended up being that some POPs blocked Port 25 as I did the Telnet test and could not connect to the port.
Thanks again,
Jeff
Answer Guy Debunks Time Machine Myth for Y2KFrom Tom on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Hello Mr. Dennis [Answerguy!]
Thanks for spending (many I suppose
hours answering tons of mails. The
2c tips and the Answerguy section are really my favourite pages.
I'm overwhelmed by your knowledge - but please tell me about your finest
secret... the time machine... My html version of the LG49 contains eMails
from December 2000. Booooah.
Thanks again for your great work!
Greetings
Tom
I think its been fixed on the primary Linux Gazette web site now. However, it might still appear wrong on some mirrors.
The Answer Guy LG #49 - psychic, already .....From Malcolm Macsween on Tue, 4 Jan 2000
Answered by the Linux Gazette Editor, Mike Orr.
The answer guy is really excelling himself this month ....
How exactly did he help me to fix my Mosix cluster on the Linux 2.4 SMP cluster in Oct , 2000 - I've forgotten already. Sorry - maybe you can refresh my memory .... perhaps my memory management module is faulty, but I seem to have forgotten the whole year.
http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue49/lg_answer49.html
The dates are corrected. The new files will be visible at noon today (UTC-0800).
Thanks for the letter. This is the most humorous of the complaints I received, and probably the one I will publish.
Call MicrosoftFrom Anthony Hunt on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
I am unable to use my Reveal Sound Card (VER. 1.09 REV. 4A) with my Creative Labs Modem Blaster. My operating system is windows 98. Any suggestions?
LILO for Loading "Other" OS': Setting the Default Boot StanzaFrom Cavaiani, Don on Sun, 02 Jan 2000
Hi James,
If I put the "other" (the msdos portion) code in the lilo.conf B/4 the image = ... for the Linux O/S, will msdos load as the default (i.e., if the operator does not enter anything) instead of Linux.
Or, is there another way to do this?
Thanks,
Don
If you do use the 'default=' directive, refer to the desired stanza by its label.
The issues of whether the OS will boot without any keystroke intervention, how long it will wait, whether it will prompt the user by default, and what the prompt message will look like can all be answered by reading the lilo.conf(5) man page.
[ It's likely there is also more than you ever wanted to know about LILO in the directory under /usr/docs (or /usr/share/docs) for the lilo package. -- Heather ]
KVM Switches: All are NOT Created EqualFrom Michael Slaven on Fri, 24 Dec 1999
Jim-
Here's the story...
Raritan Computer manufactures bulletproof KVM switches. We have recently begun to get positive feedback from the Linux community because our switches do NOT occasionally allow keyboard/mouse lock-ups like our competitors. We use a dedicated emulation chip for EACH computer connected to the switch.
Unfortunately, most of the public perceives occasional lock-ups as normal for KVM switches and this is definitely not the case.
This said, getting that message out to the Linux community is not easy. I'm interested in:
All I would ask in return is that if someone asks you about KVM switches, you at least can tell them that all switches are not created equal.
Let me know what you think.
Thanks for your time.
Michael Slaven
OEM Manager
Raritan Computer Inc.
http://www.raritan.com
I'll have to admit that I haven't purchased any Raritans, though I've seen them in some of the offices of my customers, etc. Of course I'm aware that there are differences among different types of KVM switches.
It's always been my opinion that the biggest gain is from using any of the "active" (electronic) switches. Using the mechanical A-B switch boxes will occasionally cause the failure of a chip on your motherboard (effectively meaning you'll have to replace about 1 motherboard in 20 per year of daily use).
Hopefully the future of USB will solve this problem for keyboards and mice (I'm not aware of any problems with mechanical switching of monitors). On the one hand I think USB is overly complicated and expensive. On the other hand, it will will hopefully save future generations of computer users from fussing with the sorts of DTE/DCE, CTS/RTS, DSR/DTR problems that we old fogeys have had to fight with RS-232.
[ I've occasionally seen monitors get weird color effects when switching, but so far, every such case has turned out to be solved when the video cord was reseated or replaced. There hasn't been any evidence that it was somehow any fault of the switch. I've never used a Raritan; most were Belkins and ProTec. -- Heather ]
Anyway, if you put up some white papers and actually describe some of the failure modes (capacititive discharge?) and how your components and designs are better for protecting computers than those used by your competitors, you'll probably gain some more converts. (My personal needs have been too modest --- and Raritan has been too expensive --- for me so far).
More on Maximal Mount Counts & Volume Labels and UUIDsFrom ghaverla on Thu, 23 Dec 1999
Dear Answer Guy,
Nice column. I'm up to my eyeballs in updates (I'm updating 2 Linux machines and 1 Solaris). Anyway, in the current "The Answer Guy", you have a reply from Ted T'so on Maximal Mount Counts which suggests a solution to a problem I ran into last night. I'm updating a PC which has 2 SCSI controllers from S.u.S.E. to Debian, and found that because the controllers are seen in the reverse order now, that the devices the disks are assigned to has changed. Since the one controller is to be used for low performance or not always connected devices, I don't want that controller being seen first, which is what has happened under Debian. These labels, as in
LABEL=temp /tmp ext2 defaults 1 2
or
UUID=3a30d6b4-08a5-11d3-91c3-e1fc5550af17 /usr ext2 defaults 1 2
Are they assigned to the entire disk, or to partitions of a disk? The way the reply is worded it seems the label goes with the disk, and not with the partition.
Thanks for any light you can shed on this.
Gord
Obviously things will get more confusing and interesting as we develop LVM (logical volume management) subsystems under Linux.
Netscape 4.7 as a POP ClientFrom Carlos Germ�n Siufi on Fri, 07 Jan 2000
I can't connect to my pop3 account using Netscape Messenger v4.7. My
problem is my user ID. It's the e-mail address. Example:
"username@domain.com"
I think Netscape only sends "username" not
"username@domain.com". Now
I'm using the command fetchmail with the -u parameter.
Example:
"fetchmail mail.domain.com -u username@domain.com".
It works. How can I fix Netscape Messenger?
Germ�n Siufi
[From Argentina]
My personal inclination would be to use fetchmail to fetch your mail into your local spool (or inbox) and just use Netscape Communicator on that. I'd also configure NS to feed outgoing mail to my MTA (my local copy of sendmail) and let that do my masquerading, or use its support for "from" rewriting (through the genericstable FEATURE) and other mail handling.
If you really insist on using NS' built-in POP and SMTP support and letting it do this stuff directly then I'd just play with the entry in the "Edit, Preferences, Identity" dialog, trying to put in your full username@ domain name address.
error: Interrupted system callFrom Robert Richardson on Fri, 07 Jan 2000
Hi James
I am not sure who I should direct this question to: I have Dell 5100 workstation running RedHat Linux 6.0 (Kernel 2.2.5-15), setup with NTP to provide time for LAN. It works great but I sometimes, see in the the NTP log file, the message "29 Dec 16:28:33 ntpd[634]: select(11, #---#--#---, 0L, 0L, &0.000000) error: Interrupted system call". This causes no problems, as far as I can tell, but is there anything I should be concerned about. I will appreciate any information you can provide. Attached is a copy of the NTP log file. Thanks
First, there was a bug on the default XFree86 servers and some of the video cards that were shipping with some Dell systems. The symptom was a very slow system clock. The solution was to upgrade the XFree86 RPMs.
Second, the 2.2.5 kernels that shipped with Red Hat 6.0 were pretty bad (as Linux kernels go). I'd strongly recommend an upgrade to the 2.2.14 kernels (which are MUCH more stable).
So download the kernel sources and build it. I don't recommend using the RPM (or any package managment system) for doing kernel upgrades. I just use the main sources and build them using the Makefiles (usually using make menuconfig).
In this case I suspect a combination of an XFree86 bug and a kernel bug which is causing the problems with the system clock. xntpd could easily be sensitive to these sorts of things.
Overclocking a Motherboard? 233Mhz to 450Hmz?From Steve on Fri, 07 Jan 2000
I have a motherboard in my PC that says it has a max processor speed of 233mhz, i did'nt know this when i resently purchased a 450mhz CPU. Is there any way i can override this issue, my max bus speed is 66.
Of course I'd double check the RAM (DIMMs, SIMMs or whatever you've got) and make sure it is fast enough that you aren't wasting the investment in the new CPU.
Personally I don't recommend CPU upgrades at all. I suggest that people buy the CPU, motherboard, and RAM together, and get them matched to one another. Also it is quite unlikely that you applications are actually CPU bound. Your CPU investment would probably have been better spent in extra RAM or a faster controller.
As you say your current motherboard's bus speed is only 66Mhz. You probably want a motherboard that runs at closer to 100Mhz (at least PC100 RAM). You don't want the CPU sitting there waiting for its own RAM all the time.
Fixing a lilo.conf After the FactFrom Don Benesch on Fri, 07 Jan 2000
Answerguy,
Can you tell me how to switch operating systems on LiLo?
When I installed Redhat Linux I was not given the chance of selecting the
startup OS and it defaults to Linux. I share this computer, and need it to
start up in windows. I can Fdisk /mbr, but I thought that there
might be a quicker way to switch the * to the Windows OS.
Also, If I do /mbr, how do I put Lilo back on without going thru
the whole install?
Thanks
Don (New to Linux)
You'll find a number of sample configurations files (/etc/lilo.conf) and many long-winded explanations of how to use the /sbin/lilo utility to write, re-write, and remove the LILO boot loader code from your MBR, your superblocks, etc.
Basically you want to add an "other" stanza to your /etc/lilo.conf and run the /sbin/lilo command. That's all there is to it. Understanding how that works and what to put in that stanza and what your other alternatives might be is why you need to do all that homework.
CRC Error -- System Halted --From Tom Manning on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Hi there...
Problem I'm having with Linux is this: Couple of days ago, worked great. Then one morning I booted up, typed "linux" at the LILO prompt, and it immediately said "CRC ERROR --SYSTEM HALTED--"
End of story. CTRL-ALT-DEL doesn't even work, it has to be reset manually. I can boot into Windows just fine.
Linux and Windows are on seperate hard drives, I'm running a Celeron266 with 96MB RAM, ABIT BX6(1) motherboard.... What do you think?
Thanks very much
Tom
[Canada?]
If you can't mount your filesystems, try running fdisk to view the partition table. The command 'fdisk -l' will list all available partitions on all drives (except for the Debian fdisk which will require a series of commands like 'fdisk -l /dev/hda ; fdisk -l /dev/hdb' etc depending on the number of drives you have --- they use a more powerful version of fdisk which nonetheless has this limitation).
It's possible that the CRC error is only affecting your track 0 (where your MBR, and the partition table are stored).
Anyway it is almost certainly a hardware problem. If you have a backup, I'd replace the drive (or at least reformat it with badblock checking enabled) and restore your system and data. If you don't have a backup, you might be able to recover some of your data and filesystems through some low-level disk editing heroics.
(If you've given up on recovering the filesystems and data, and you want to confirm that it really is hardware and not some Linux glitch, try using MS Windows to repartition and reformat that second drive. Not that MS Windows does that any better than Linux --- but you'll know by that it's not "just us").
Out of the Blue Strategic Advice for Red HatFrom dennis garber on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
In order for redhat to succeed, they must do 4 things.
Are you a share holder or investor in PhatLinux, Trelos Lothar, etc?
Of course this raises the question: "succeed at what?"
I presume you mean something like: "for them to justify their valuation by reporting profits on a scale to match the earnings to capitalization ratio of traditional companies."
Since I'm not a shareholder of Red Hat my initial gut reaction is: "who cares?"
If I was a Red Hat shareholder I wouldn't ever expect them to report profits or earning in line with their market cap. It's a speculative holding, bought by people who believe that its "buzz" will keep other investors interested. That's basically like Yahoo! and other high flying Internet stocks.
It appears to me that the stock market's absurd gains in the last decade amount to a simple fact of the current prosperity and concentration of wealth in our economy: "There's no where else to stash it."
It is generally accepted that putting money into banks for a paltry 3% to 5% return is a way to slowly LOSE your money due to inflation and taxation. Other forms of investment such as real estate and the bond market are driven more by inflation. When we have low inflation those investments won't "perform" well.
Meanwhile the poor are getting poorer, the middle class are working hard and spending more, and the rich are getting richer. The hard working middle class have put money (or had it deducted) into pension plans.
So we have billions of dollars (the holdings of the pension plans, and those of the rich individuals and corporations) which have to "go somewhere." There's incredible social and economic pressure for that money to be "working."
Since the U.S. economy is the strongest in the world and the North American continent is one of the most politically stable there is little incentive to invest overseas. So most of the money will stay on our stock markets.
(This is not to say that we are the "good guys." From what I've read of Chomsky, Uncle Sam stirs up much of this international trouble. We later don our white hat and make a great show of our heroic efforts to make peace. To read more on that topic visit the "The Noam Chomsky Archive" http://www.lbbs.org/chomsky/index.cfm and consider getting and reading a copy of "Deterring Democracy" in particular).
As for Red Hat I don't know that PhatLinux is such a critical aquisition for them. There have been several "FAT Linux" distributions (running under a subdirectory on an MS-DOS/MS Windows filesystem) over the years. There is a Macmillan product known as something like: "Linux for Windows" (which might be a re-packaging of PhatLinux for all I know). You can find info about it at http://www.macmillansoftware.com/mac_software if you're willing to put up with the JavaScript that they force all over their page. It's basically unusable in Lynx and I don't feel inclined to fire up X to look at it (since I'm writing this through an ssh link about three U.S. states from my home mailbox).
So, Red Hat could create a "no-repartition" Linux product. They could buy a company that's done it (build or buy --- it's the recurring question for every business' software strategy).
I have no experience with PhatLinux (http://www.phatlinux.com) so I can't offer an opinion on the technical merits for this suggestion. They (Red Hat) would presumably want their own analysts to make that decision.
TreLOS' "Win4Lin" (http://www.trelos.com) clone of VMWare (http://www.vmware.com) might be an interesting aquisition. Of course, with Red Hat's market capitization they could court VMWare directly.
I've never used either of these products personally. Most of my associates at Linuxcare (www.Linuxcare.com) use VMWare when they need to access "legacy" MS Windows apps (and even when they want to run a copy of Linux under a virtual machine).
Again, I can't speak to the technical merits of such an aquisition.
There's also Kevin Lawton's Freemware (http://www.freemware.org) is an open source project to implement something like Win4Lin and VMWare. Kevin Lawton wrote the Bochs package which is a shareware virtual machine (that implements an x86 on any UNIX platform).
Meanwhile let's not forget the WINE project http://www.winehq.com which is continuing to plug away at running MS Windows programs under Linux (in this case without need for an emulator or hardware virtualization layer).
So, Red Hat (or other Linux companies) have a smorgasbord of MS-Windows binary compatability technologies to choose from.
Lothar (http://www.linux-mandrake.com/lothar) is a project that is being spear-headed by MandrakeSoft, a competitor to Red Hat. In addition it basically overlaps some of the functionality that Red Hat hopes to implement in Linuxconf (a package in which they've already invested some effort and support). However, Lothar does seem to be an open source project --- so any contribution by Red Hat could benefit them (and everyone ele). It looks like Lothar is focused primarily on the administration and configuration of hardware. Basically let's provide a good UI for "adding hardware" (one that's better and more robust than Win '9x's infamous "Adding Hardware" wizard).
Your last suggestion makes more sense than any of the others. Of course one should be careful with "focus goups." If the methods used in selecting participants and conducting the research aren't exceptionally good, then you just end up drawing conclusion from the exercise that match assumptions that you fed into it.
All of your suggestions do have a consistent theme. They all relate to the growth of Linux on the PC desktop.
It seems that Red Hat doesn't consider that to be a strategic priority. I can understand their point of view there. They are trying to "break into" lucrative niches "where the money is." That is suggested by their aquisition of Cygnus.
Linux on the desktop will probably happen. Red Hat will probably help. However, the migration away from MS Windows on home and client systems will be primarily driven by users and free programmers (including Red Hat developers in their "free" time).
Meanwhile, Red Hat has "bigger fish to fry" (or so they hope).
As to which breeds of fish they're cooking, I wouldn't know. Unfortunately for them Red Hat seems to lack focus. They claim to want to build up their services --- yet they still lack credibility in their support and professional services offerings.
Their bread and butter has been shrink wrap --- and they are getting nailed by Macmillan's Mandrake based packages (which have a well-established retail channel through their ties to book stores).
Their purchase of Cygnus would suggest a diversification into tool chain and embedded systems (the strengths of that company).
Their announced strategic relationships with Oracle et al suggest a focus on the IT server room --- the old NT killer.
I personally see these as different directions. None of them point to Joe consumer and the desktop.
Their support of GNOME can be seen as a desktop oriented initiative. However, it seems that the public, even the IT purchasing public suffers from the delusion that servers need GUIs. So I'm not sure that this is a compelling argument.
Anyway I think that Red Hat does hope to "cash in on" the name recognition that they've built. They don't seem to think that retail sales of their distribution will sustain reasonable growth for them. They're right!
The Linux market is overly "distribution"-manic. There is relatively little difference among distributions. Red Hat, S.u.S.E., Caldera, TurboLinux, Debian, Corel and Stormix are all fundamentally the same software.
[ With different installers, each having their own idea of glitz. Actually, the packaging system is a slight delimiter -- .rpm vs .deb -- but with the help of a small package called alien, even that can generally be overcome quickly. -- Heather ]
With an effective LSB (*) we wouldn't even have to ask "what distribution is that for/from?" You could simply install, configure and manage any package from the open source world without worrying about the details.
I think Red Hat realizes the truth in this and is frantically seeking other revenue streams. The sad think is that the shrink-wrapped/packaging business is not such a bad one to be in. It did, after all, get them where they are today.
- (Linux Standards Base: http://www.linuxbase.org)
"Hardening" a Red Hat (into a Helmet?)From Judith Bride on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Mr. Dennis,
Can you direct me to a source that will tell me how to secure our
RHLinux 6.0 DNS server. I am new to Linux. We only use it for DNS, so
we want to make sure we've closed all unnecessary services.
Thanks.....
Judith
Virtual Mail Hosting in a Single InboxFrom Dina Yazbeck on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Dear Sir
I am basicaly trying to host a domain and have all the emails of the users of this domain (remotedomain.com) sent to one particular mailbox (such as remotedomain@myisp.net) This is straigh forward. Assuming that the remote domain machine (LINUX) polls the ISP server. What is the procedure to use to retrieve this mail and distribute it the respective mailboxes of the users mail boxes. Waiting for your reply.
Thank you.
However, you can read the Fetchmail FAQ for too much information on this.
http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/fetchmail/fetchmail-FAQ.html
[ It might be possible to severely abuse plus-addressing to do it. See the Procmail Tips Pointer, and jump to section 13.2:
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/mail/procmail/tips-pointer/
-- Heather ]
Out-"Fox"-ing the Fox?From S.R. Dawson on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Not sure if you can help me, but I have thousands of records stored in the original Foxbase+, Version 2.0 database, which are all *.dbf files, totally MS-Dos based. Are there any utilities that I could aquire which would be able to read these files and convert to a Windows-based database?
Thank you.
Steve Dawson
Terre Haute, In
Actually I don't do (MS) Windows and it's too early in the year for me to be thinking about April Fool's Day.
Why don't you just ask a nice purveyor of MS Windows software (tens of thousands of apps at your local Egghead --- err, Software Supermarket)?
Adding a DiskFrom Samuel Q Roodman on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
I recently got Mandrake 6.1 up and running on Pentium 90 with 48 mb of ram. The question I have is: The system is running with a scsi drive and I wish to add another. How do I access the drive to format it and then access the directories once its formated?
Once you've restored your system to functionality --- with the new drive physically/electronically connected then it's easy.
- run: fdisk /dev/sdb
(Assuming you only have one drive now, the new drive should be /dev/sdb).- create any partitions you like on the new drive. BE CAREFUL! Don't blow away partitions on your old drive. I recommend that your existing drives be assigned IDs that are numerically than the new drive(s).
- for each partition:
mke2fs -c /dev/sdbX
.... BE CAREFUL! Make sure that you use the appropriate /dev/sd? node or you'll format one of your existing filesystems.- edit your /etc/fstab. I use a text editor (vi or xemacs in vi emulation mode), but there are several user interfaces (GUIs and text/curses menuing systems) that can help you with that.
Typical new entries might look something like:
/dev/sdb1 /u1 ext2 defaults 1 0 /dev/sdb2 /u2 ext2 defaults 2 0
... The device names should match the ones you used for those mke2fs commands. The second column lists "mount points" which should be empty directories that you create wherever it suits your needs. You can name them anything you like (pretty much).
Read the fstab(5) man page using the command:
man fstab
... the (5) is a UNIX convention for referring to a keyword or man page reference by specifying which chapter or section of the man pages is appropriate.
(That convention arose because many system calls, library functions, and commands and some commands and their configuration files have the same names).
That's basically all there is to it. Once you've physically connected the new drives, you can do all of this (including mounting the new filesystems and using them) without rebooting.
Note that the example as given would automatically mount these new filesystems on reboot. To use these filesystems after editing the fstab and WITHOUT rebooting simply issue a series of commands like:
mount /u1; mount /dev/sdb2
... where you refer to the unique value in either of the first two columns/fields of the fstab entries (the device or the mount point). The mount command will search the fstab for a matching entry and supply the rest of its arguments therefrom.
(Of course you can read the mount(8) man page for info on mounting filesystems without editing the fstab file. To do a temporary mount you simply provide all of the details on the mount command line, and leave your fstab alone).
Note: if you mount a filesystem over a non-empty directory there will be no harm done. However the underlying contents will be inaccessible (hidden) until you umount the overlaid fs. This is NOT recommended practice, so you should consider it a mistake if you do this.
Serial CaptureFrom Glenn Proctor on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Is there a way to view ascii data in a terminal session coming through my linux pc's serial port? My business does a lot of data ingest over direct connections, muxes and that sort of thing. Quite often I wish I had a quick way to troubleshoot or check new connections to see that the data coming across is ungarbled or is even hitting the serial port.
http://www.freshmeat.net/appindex/1999/09/05/936520647.html
Remote Control through TelnetFrom Dirk Blennemann on Tue, 11 Jan 2000
Dear James,
I noticed your address on the Linuxcare pages and understood that your are a Linux expert.
I like to control a Linux server via Telnet. Do you have an idea where I may find information about that subject?
Thank you very much in advance!
Dirk
[Germany]
There's not much else to say on that subject. I recommend the use of ssh, SSL telnet or other secure variants of the client/server package to protect you from sniffing (which is a big problem for traditional telnet) and spoofing (which is the bane of rsh and rlogin).
It is also possible to remotely execute graphical applications. You run any X server on a system at hand (in front of you), and you can run X Windows programs on other hosts (clients) by exporting the DISPLAY environment variable on the remote shell.
[ As long as the client running the app can remotely access the I/O server on port 6000 or so. -- Heather ]
ssh will allow this very easily and securely. It can automatically export the appropriate variable/value to your remote host and will encrypt all the X lib protocol traffic through its own tunnel.
This is a rather big topic, but any books on Linux and UNIX should cover it in great detail.
Jaton 107 Blade 3D and XFree86From Eduardo Castello on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I have a Jaton 107 Blade 3D with 8Mb and a SamSung Syncmaster 550s and I can't configure the X server!!!
What should I do?!!!
Please help me!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The XFree86 web site is the canonical source of what chipsets are supported by their X server. The Trident Blade3D is listed on the 3.3.5 support list at http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.5/README3.html
Of course this assumes that you're trying to use XFree86. There are also commercial X servers like X Inside (from Xig) and and Metro-X (from Metrolink).
Your message doesn't give any clues as to what distribution you're using, what X server you're having trouble with, or even what specific problem you're having.
Hint: When asking for tech support, especially free support, via e-mail BE SPECIFIC! At least tell the nice support person what you tried, and what happened.
Other Hint: Do your homework. Read some of the back issues of my column and you'll find about 100 messages where people have asked variations of: How do I get X to work with _____ video card? I answer them all about the same way. I look for the video card in Google, Alta Vista, Yahoo! etc to see if I can guess the chipset. Then I look at the XFree86 site to see if its on their supported list. Then I suggest that they consider getting one of the other X servers or getting a supported video card. (Meanwhile my searches include the keyword: Linux so I also get some testimonials and comments from Linux users who mention these cards).
The answer is always the same:
- Determine the chipset.
- Check XFree86 web site and FAQ
- Check a few search engines
- Consider purchasing a replacement:
- a supported card
- one of the commercial X servers
Redirecting stdin into telnetFrom Christopher Smith on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I'm running Red Hat 6.0, and I'm trying to redirect my telnet stdin from a file. Whenever I use either a pipe or < input, the client connects, informs me that the escape is ^], and says the remote server has closed the connection. What's wrong?
Example: $ telnet csmith < input.txt
Christopher Smith
For example when I do an strace on my copy of telnet I find a number of system calls like:
ioctl(0, SNDCTL_TMR_STOP, {B134 -opost -isig -icanon echo ...}) = -1 ENOTTY (Inappropriate ioctl for device)
Note that result: ENOTTY which is kernel speak for "Error, this file handle doesn't refer to a terminal device (TTY)"
This suggests that telnet is detecting that its input file handle is not a terminal device, and is bailing at that point.
- (It would be nice if it gave an error message a unique error code and if they listed this constraint in their man pages).
Anyway, simple redirection is not the way to run interactive programs like telnet under scripted control. You probably want to use the 'expect' scripting language instead.
For example, here's a simple 'expect' script to control telnet sessions:
#!/usr/bin/expect -f # Sample telnet automation ## call with autotel host username password set host [lindex $argv 0] set rcfile [open ~/.autotel/$host r ] gets $rcfile user gets $rcfile pass spawn telnet "$host" expect "login:" send "$user\r" expect "word:" send "$pass\r" interact
This appears in my book (Linux System Administration, published by New Riders Publishing). You call it like:
autotel foo
... and it will automatically look for a .autotel/foo file under you home directory, read a pair of lines for the user name and password. Then it uses them to login to the host (whose name must match the .autotel/ filename (*) ).
- (Actually the version of this on my own system read three lines from the autotel files: a location, and the username/password pair).
As I say this is a very simple 'expect' script. It shows the most basic features of the language: you can do all of the normal things like open files, read from and write to them, do basic string handling and arithmetic, etc. But the features of 'expect' for which it is renouned include the ability to 'spawn' interactive processes on psuedo-terminals (ptys), and to 'expect' certain patterns from the them, and 'send' strings back to them.
Of course 'expect' has support for the common conditional and looping structures, and the 'expect' function supports timeouts values. So you can write arbitrary handling for errors and situations that don't match your intended dialog.
There's also the 'interact' function which allows your script to turn the keyboard back over to you, so that the script then passively relays your input and the program's output. Actually the 'interact' function is even more powerful than than since it can also monitor the communications and dynamically "catch" certain key sequences, expanding them into macros, or using them as triggers to execute your own defined procedures or to break out of the interaction and complete other parts of the script.
So, I'd check out the 'expect' programming language and see if that will help. Here's an untested script that would do something like what you wanted:
#!/usr/bin/expect -f
# Sample telnet "feeder"
set host [lindex $argv 0]
set infilename [lindex $argv 1]
set infile [open $infilename r ]
spawn telnet "$host"
while [ gets $infile line ] {
sleep 1
send -- $line
}
(This would just blindly feed lines into a telnet session from your input file. It's pretty stupid, but you'd call it with something like:
telfeeder host.domain.not ./filename
... note the lack of redirection here).
Note that it's also possible to use C-Kermit (the kermit communications package from Columbia University http://www.columbia.edu/kermit) to automate and script a communications session. I wrote an article about this for SysAdmin Magazine (http://www.samag.com/archive/0607/index.shtml) back in 1997. The key point of that article (which is not online, though I could probably re-publish myself now) is that Kermit is not just a file transfer protocol and it is not limited simply to modem and serial communications, it has support for telnet and rlogin protocols.
In fact Kermit as improved since my article:
- it now supports Kerberos authentication and encryption
- it has internal SSL support
- it can use some other program like ssh for its communications channel.
- it can now operate as an alternative to FTP using providing a number of advantages over the somewhat decrepit FTP protocol.
- the license has been clarified and liberalized a bit, to allow re-distribution with free OS packages (like Linux, *BSD, etc) etc.
(Some of these were features I recommended to Frank de la Cruz, the father of Kermit, during my research and in subsequent e-mail conversations. However, I'm by no means the only person to make these sorts of suggestions and I couldn't claim any credit for their development).
One other alternatives to 'expect' that comes to mind is the Expect.pm, PERL module which add 'expect' features to the PERL 5 language. (The old PERL 4 had a comm.pl library that offered some of these features as well).
I'm sure there are others.
Hopefully this will help you solve the real problem that you're bumping into. Obviously, solving the problem goes way beyond just answering the question you asked.
New Installation Stops at LIFrom Gene Becker on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I have loaded my new Red Hat 6.1 several times and when I reboot it comes up to LI and then blinks a curser. At this point I can do nothing and it will set there indefinitely. HELP!
Gene Becker
If you can't do that because you have an MS-DOS or MS Win '9x partition in the way, then use LOADLIN.EXE.
The probably is probably that your BIOS doesn't know how to access parts of your disk, particularly those portions of the hard disk that lie beyond the 1024 cylinder boundary.
I've explained this well over 100 times in this column so I highly recommend searching on the terms LILO and LOADLIN in the Linux Gazette archives. (Using the search engine). That's at http://www.linuxgazette.com and you can find many mirrors to them at http://www.google.com/linux
Netscape can't find ANY of THEMFrom Space on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Hi,
I know this is a silly question, but I just can't seem to figure this out. I setup my ISP and dial in and log on ok, then when I open Netscape and try to open a web page Netscape can't find any of them!?!?! I had it fixed once but since then I have reinstalled RH 6.1 again and can't remember how I fixed it. I am starting a journal and keeping track from now on! Thanks Answer Guy
Space@
Ask your ISP for a list of preferred name servers. (You can use just about any on there on the Internet so long as you have IP addressing and routing working, but it's polite to use the ones that are "close" to you).
If that still doesn't work, then look at your nsswitch.conf and consider replacing it with something more like:
# /etc/nsswitch.conf # # Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality. # If you have the `glibc-doc' and `info' packages installed, try: # `info libc "Name Service Switch"' for information about this file. passwd: compat group: compat shadow: compat hosts: files dns networks: files protocols: db files services: db files ethers: db files rpc: db files netgroup: nis
The nsswitch.conf that comes with Red Hat is silly and makes all sorts of reference to NIS and NIS+ services which you probably aren't using. Those should be harmless though they do impact performance.
Can't Log in as 'root' via telnetFrom liberty on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
hi ; !
I can t make a "root" login from a computer to the linux computer with telnet , but I can make it with another name user , and after i can make "su" command .... do you know this problem or security,? thanks
Depending on the exact distribution and version it may be possible to simply rename that file if you insist on over-riding this policy and allowing root logins from anywhere. In other cases you might have to edit one or more of the "service" files under /etc/pam.d/ to remove the lines that refer to the PAM securetty module.
In general it is better to accept this policy and use 'su' Indeed it is even better to disable telnet and replace it with 'ssh' (which generally doesn't impose this restriction, though it can be configured to do so).
Exceed (MS Windows X Server) and LinuxFrom Sam.Young on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
James:
I came across an article regarding Exceed and Linux authored by you and I wanted to drop you a line.
I have Exceed V6.1 on a Win98 PC and a Linux V6.0 server. I'd like to use exceed on the Win98 PC to do a X-windows emulation to the Linux server.
Can you point me in the right direction for some configuration instructions? What do I have to 'start' on the Linux server? What 'start up method' should I use in Exceed? What command do I need to pass from the Exceed client to Linux to work properly?
Thanks. Sam
Linux can support all of the common Unix X protocols. So you can run xdm (X display manager) under Linux and Exceed should offer options to broadcast or query for "managed displays" (which should find any Linux box running xdm). This networking function of xdm is really more core to its operation than the simple GUI login that most Linux users think of when they talk about xdm.
It's also possible to configure your Linux system to allow rsh/rlogin (or telnet, ssh, etc) and the only commands you should have to run on it in order to allow it to open windows on your X server (Exceed) is: export DISPLAY=$YOUR_EXCEED_WINDOWS_IP_or_DNSNAME:0 (don't forget the colon zero at the end of that).
That's all there should be to it. Once you've remotely executed that command, and possibly added the Linux box to your "xhost" or access control list then you should be able to use X clients to your heart's content.
Exceed is a commercial package. It should have come with documentation and there should be technical support available. Using Exceed to display your Linux X clients is ABSOLUTELY NO DIFFERENT then using it with any generic UNIX system. So, if you have any other trouble, get them to deliver the tech support that you've paid for.
Double Reverse DNS Strikes AgainFrom Nelson Carvalho on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
hello
im contacting regarding linux. i have linux box with apach and fpt and
sendmail (pop3,smtp) and a dns server and dhcp server and it work fine and
fast from linux machine to linux machine. now i also have this linux box
connected to a few windows machines, now i try to ftp from the windows
machine to the linux box and it takes at least 90 seconds for it to connect
to it, once connected it is fast and good. it also does the same thing if i
try using outlookexpress to check email on the linux box. it takes about 90
seconds for it to connect and send messages, just wondering if you have any
suggestions on what might be happening?
the web browser for www works with no hesitation, only ftp and mail take 90
seconds or more to establish a connection.
also these computers are not connected to the internet, its a private
network.
i appriciate any help u could give me
thanks.
Search my back issues on the string "double reverse dns" or "double reverse lookup" for the gory details. (Hint: it has to do with TCP Wrappers and how it figures how "who" is connecting so that it can log the connection and so that it can make policy decisions according to the content in your /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny files).
The easiest and smartest solution is to make sure that you have proper reverse entries in your DNS zones and/or your /etc/hosts files for all of your systems.
Closing Ports, Disabling Unwanted ServicesFrom Troy Miller on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
I'm new to Linux and I'm trying to secure my PC. I have a DSL line and I found out I have 4 open ports (FTP, Finger, Telnet and SMTP). I'm trying to find a resource on how to close these ports. I do not plan to use them at this time. I don't want to compromise my system.
Thanks,
Troy
Three of the services you mention are usually launched dynamically by inetd. So you can disable them by editing your /etc/inetd.conf file, find these services by name, and commenting them out of the file (inserting a "#" (hash/pound sign) at the beginning of those lines). After that you can send a HUP signal to inetd to force it to re-initialize itself. You can use the following command to do that:
kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/inetd.pid)
Of course, in this case you aren't running ANY other inetd services so you can even just kill you inetd process using a command like:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/inetd stop
... or something like that. (The exact path to your /etc/.../init.d scripts might differ depending on your distribution).
You can also find an remove the rcX.d scripts that start inetd during boot if you like. Your system might have a 'chkconfig' command to manage those SysV init symlinks for you, or you can use the technique that I've described here before (create /etc/.../rc*.d/disabled directories, and move the S??... symlinks into those as appropriate).
Search the back issues for "sysv init" to hear the long-winded discussion of how all of that works.
That leaves the SMTP service. That is probably being provided by sendmail, which is probably being loaded "standalone" (not dynamically through inetd). So you also want to find the /etc/.../rcX.d/S* script that's starting sendmail and disable that.
After you've done that you'll have a machine that doesn't provide any network services to anyone.
You can double check that using a command like:
netstat --inet -an
... and looking for anything that's in the LISTEN state. You can also check it using a port scanner like nmap from another system. (I'm guessing that you've already been playing with one of those, to get the information on which you've based this question).
DaemonsFrom sangeeth george on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
sir,
i am sangeeth george, doing my final year Btech.in information technology.recently i came across a new topic(which not actually a new one but i came to know only recently)called "Daemons".since then i had been fetching for materials to learn more about it.but i couldn't find any worthy one.can u help me in getting more info about this topic. i've got a lot of doubts about it and i would like to share with you.some of them are,
Other than those (relatively minor and technical) details it is just a program.
I've heard that the term originally was 'dmon' from Multics, or ITS or some other predecessor to UNIX. I guess it stood for "device monitor."
However, since I'm on my Debian box, which has a 'dict' client, and a 'dictd' (dictionary daemon) and several freely available lexicons installed I'll just yank in a definition from that:
[using my xemacs macro equivalent of vi's :r!dict daemon]
From Jargon File (4.0.0/24 July 1996) [jargon]:
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
1.It is possible for us to retrieve the commands
that we have entered in a shell promptusing 'uparrow
key'.Is it due to the action of Daemons . if yes,name
of that daemon?
2. in one of the magazine i've read that Daemons are
much more powerful than TSR ,as Tsr need some user
intervention.is it true?can u give an eg. for that.
3.surely there must be some kind of difference exsists
between ordinary programs and daemons in the
INSTALLATION part ,since daemons are executed by
system itself . can you explain me how to(where
to)install a program if we want it to act as a Daemon.
Most daemons on most UNIX systems are started by the init process (either directly, via /etc/inittab, or through one of the rc*) scripts during the boot process.
The most common daemons are:
- inetd:
- "Dispatcher" --- starts other daemons in response to network connections on well known service (WKS) ports as specified in the /etc/inetd.conf and the /etc/services files.
- sendmail:
- Handles SMTP,
competitors: qmail and Postfix- init:
- "Father of all processes" --- it starts all of the rc* scripts, and it monitors all terminals, and consoles forcing new getty and xdm processes on them as login sessions are ended.
- httpd:
- Web server daemon.
- cron:
- Scheduler: this keeps a list of commands to be run at given intervals. cron performs most of the routine system maintenance
- atd:
- The at service used to be managed by cron (there was a cron job that ran every minute to execute any outstanding at jobs). However, recently (a couple years ago) at was set into a separate daemon in most Linux distributions. This is particularly useful on laptops where the old method would keep the disk drives spinning unnecessarily.
- lpd:
- print spool server
... et cetera.
4.what really is the importance of Daemons in new
world (say E-commerce)?(i raised this question since i
may most probably take a seminar on this topic)
What is the importance of background jobs in e-commerce and the "new world?" They are just programs. Likewise for daemons.
kindly provide me anwsers to these
questions + any website from where i can learn more
about it.
expecting an early reply from you.
thanking you
sangeeth george t
Using a Downloaded .iso Image for System UpgradeFrom ljones on Tue, 18 Jan 2000
Hello,
I have Red Hat 5.2 installed, and have successfully downloaded the .iso image for 6.1.
How do I use the image to upgrade?
Lawrence
Then you can boot from the CD media and do your upgrade.
It would be nice if you could just mount the .iso image on a loopback block device and run the upgrade utility from that. However, I don't think you can do that. There's no problem with the mounting part, just use a command like:
mount -o loop /path/to/....iso /mnt/loop
... to mount the .iso file as a filesystem. The problem is that the installer/upgrader for Red Hat is set up to run from the initrd (initial RAM disk) or from the init process. I haven't torn it apart and looked that closely at it --- but it doesn't seem like you can just mount the image, or the CD and run the installer/upgrader. You have to boot from it.
[ Should be pretty easy to boot from one of its floppy images, then point to your loopback mounted drive location as a file source. You might have to mount it at /cdrom in order to convince the diskette to use it. -- Heather ]
Automated Login Around a Challenge CardFrom Wayne Xin on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Sorry for the bold disturbance. I've been frustrated with this problem. Hope you can point me to the right solution.
I have a battery based security card that changes my password for ISP connection every minute. So I can't totally automate my login process with a fixed password. Is there a place that talks about pausing in the middle of a script for me to type in the password and then continuing to capture the remotely assigned IP?
Appreciate your help.
PS: I am talking linux 6.1 (X86) modem/ISP configuration
Here's an example:
#!/usr/bin/expect -f
spawn telnet "somehost"
expect "login:"
send "myname\r"
expect "enter key from your card:"
interact "\r" {
return
}
expect "success"
## continue with script
interact
In this case we open a telnet to "somehost" and we automate part of the login (waiting for a login: prompt, sending a name, waiting for a sort of password for your card).
The interesting part of this is where we have the 'interact' directive. In this case we interact until an [Enter] key is entered and when we see that escape sequence we execute some 'expect' code (in this case all we're doing is executing the 'return' from the interact to the rest of our script).
It's possible in 'expect' to have multiple "escape sequences" or "macros" as options to the the 'interact' function. Each of these can have its own block of 'expect' code. These other bits of code can 'spawn' other programs that have their own nested 'interact' functions, etc.
Obviously (as I've shown) you can also have multiple 'interact' sessions in a script. (It should also be obvious that you'll only get to the second and subsequent sessions by using a 'return' from each of the preliminary 'interact' invocations.
Most 'expect' syntax is derived from the TCL libraries around which it is build. TCL is a language that was designed to be embedded into other applications and utilities and 'expect' is a utility which lets you run interactive programs, connected to psuedo-terminals and control them through its 'expect', 'send', and related functions. The rest of the language is TCL.
Anyway that's the easiest way that I know of to do this under Linux. There's also an Expect.pm PERL module. I haven't used it, but it should have most of the same features.
Mystery QuestionFrom Robert Polk on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Hello,
Currently I am contracting for an LA based company. We currently have internal mail as well as a majority of users still using POP mail from an ISP.
We'll say the domain name is z.com. My question is in regard to MX records.
Example: domain z.com
MX preference 10 external.z.com MX preference 10 mail.z.com
then it continues with 20, etc preferences.
Currently most users are still using this external mail for their internet email (external.z.com). There are however, about 20 users internally that are only using the internal mail host for their internet email (mail.z.com)=
There is a problem if you're using both of these hosts (mail.z.com and external.z.com) as POP servers for the one domain. Unless you're doing some sort of address rewriting or other mail routing on one or the other of these then any piece of mail for z.com could land on either of these hosts. Since each of them has equal MX values, and there are no lower MX values for the z.com domain, the mail that lands on one or the other will stay there.
In general you don't want to have this ambiguity. The lowest MX for a given domain or subdomain should lead to one unique host. The secondaries and tertiaries can be ambiguous since they will all relay their mail to the lower MX hosts.
You can do scaling in a few ways at the MTA level. For example you can have a big aliases file (DBM) or a set of NIS/NIS+ maps or an LDAP server to provide aliasing of recipients to specific POP servers. This can give provide a "flat" external mail profile (everyone is @z.com) while allowing you to scale to a much larger number of users than you could support on a single POP server.
(This assumes also that you'll configure all the mail hubs to re-write outgoing mail to masquerade the From: and Return: addresses).
Maybe the question you were asking is how to have your mail servers distinquish between the internal and external users. In that case, just use aliases. Mail that's addressed to "external.z.com" will ignore the z.com MX record. Likewise for any that's addressed to "mail.z.com"
To understand this you must note the distinction between where hosts to which mail is SENT and those to which it is ADDRESSED. Mail is sent to a host according to it's MX records. What that host does with it depends on how it is addressed. If the mail is addressed to any of the names that are on on a hosts "whoami" list (the sendmail 'w' class) then rewriting, aliasing, and local delivery are performed.
(I'm shamelessly limiting the MTA terminology here to that of 'sendmail' --- the various other MTAs have similar features and concepts).
Anyway, I've said more than enough given that I have no idea of what your question really is.
idled RPM for Red HatFrom dsrao on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
Hi ,
Where can i find idled daemon for Linux(RedHat 6.1) & what are the neccessary steps for installing the same. Thanks in advance.
-ganesh
http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/idled.html
... The RPM Find repository (http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM) is about the best place to find contributed RPMs for just about any RPM distribution. There is also an rpmfind utility (http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/rpmfind.html) which can automate much of the process of finding RPM files, resolving their dependencies, etc.
I'm not sure if idled is still being maintained.
You might also look at autolog (http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/autolog.html) which can also automatically log out shell sessions after inactivity. The only RPMs I found on this were for S.u.S.E. --- so You might have to grab an SRC RPM and rebuild it. (Red Hat doesn't list dependencies and provisions using the same keys as S.u.S.E).
Monthly Win (Lose) Modem QuestionFrom ilijam on Thu, 20 Jan 2000
I have Rockvel 56,6 KB V90 Data Voice Fax. Linux doesn't detects him under Win u need to install some special drivers, can u tell where can i find them.
thanks bye
[From Macedonia]
For more info on those look at:
- Linux VooDoo (Ultimate Source for Linux Drivers?)
- http://www.linuxvoodoo.org/drivers/cards/modems
.... and at the Linux "Winmodem Support" Page (http://linmodems.org). NOTE: WWW.linmodems.org DOES NOT WORK. You must use "http://linmodems.org" if you want to see their web pages.
(I didn't know that and had to hunt down the URL through Google after trying several variations of www.linmodems.org, ...linmodem.or, ...linmodems.com, etc).
[ As of press time, you don't have to. http://www.linmodems.org/ worked just fine for me.
But while I have you here, I know that the Lucent (binary-only) driver was mentioned on the Debian mailing list for laptop users. After some messing with it, the user was actually successful in getting a usable modem. -- Heather ]
Gawd! A new millennium and I'm still getting Winmodem questions! (Please! No mail about how the new millenium doesn't start until 2001 --- I'm with Linus on this, I don't care. It's a tenth of one per cent different!)
Installing a POP Daemon on Red Hat LinuxFrom Hongwei Li on Sat, 22 Jan 2000
Hi,
I recently installed RedHat 6.0 and 6.1 on two machines, respectively. Everything looks working except that users can not access their e-mail accounts on these two servers from PC Windows using Netscape Mail or MS Outlook Express although they can access the e-mails using telnet, pine. Apparently, POP3 daemon is not working on these two RH Linux boxes.
Somebody said I can retrieve POP3 daemon from IMAP package. But, I don't know where it is and how to do it. Could you help me? How to check the system if POP3 daemon is installed and working? Where can I get IMAP package and retrieve POP3 daemon, then installed it and let it run? or should I get something else?
I would greatly appreciate your help!
Hongwei Li
Red Hat inexplicably puts their POP and IMAP daemons in the same file. You can install them using something like the following procedure:
1) Mount your RH Linux CD (disc #1?) using a command like:
mount /mnt/cdrom
2) Go to RPM directory using something like:
cd /mnt/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS
3) Install the imap....rpm package using a command like:
rpm -Uvh imap*
... or:
rpm -i imap*
That's basically all there is to it. You can test for POP installlation/accessibility using a command like:
telnet $TARGET 110
... where $TARGET is replaced with the hostname or IP address of the system on which you hope to find a POP server.
If you get a "connection refused" or a "connection closed by remote host" then you don't have POP installed properly on the $TARGET system (or you have a firewall, packet filter, or /etc/hosts.deny rule between your client and the server).
Otherwise you should get something a little like this:
Trying 123.45.67.8... Connected to popserver.wherever.not. Escape character is '^]'. +OK <13260.948530011@popserver.wherever.not> USER nobody +OK PASS somedumbpassword +OK Mailbox open, 4294967295 messages QUIT
The USER, PASS and QUIT commands were typed by me. There are additional POP 3 protocol commands you could use to play with the server manually, but this is enough to verify that the server is running, that the user name and password are valid and that the POP server isn't having trouble opening the user's mail spool.
NOTE: The PASS command is simply transmitting and displaying your password. Don't do this over an insecure network or with a bad person looking over your shoulder!
(Also note: The number of messages that the POP daemon reports as being in your inbox had better be alot less then what I show in this example: 2^32 - 1).
As for you question about whether you should get something else (something other than the POP daemon that Red Hat packages in their IMAP RPM file): That's entirely up to you.
I did dig up a page where Cameron Laird started collecting notes for a comparison of POP daemons (http://starbase.neosoft.com/~claird/comp.mail.misc/POP_comparison.html)
It doesn't offer much commentary nor comparison, yet. However, it does offer links to over a dozen POP servers. Surprisingly I couldn't find any other online articles that offer a comparison or summary of POP daemons and server.
One of the most popular POP daemons is QPopper (http://www.eudora.com/freeware/qpop.html). This is a (relatively) free package from the publishers of the Eudora mail client software for Macs and MS Windows. One of the principle advantages of this package is its support for changing passwords through it's own client/server protocol. To enable this you have to install the poppasswd daemon in addition to the qpopper daemon.
If you replace your MTA (mail transport agent) with qmail then you'll want to switch to the qmail-pop3d daemon (which comes with qmail). You can find out more than you wanted to know about that and many addons, and optional packages and patches related to it by searching the Qmail home page (http://www.qmail.org) on the term "POP."
It's a pity there isn't more info to guide users in selecting a POP daemon. Then again, basic POP is a pretty protocol with only a very focussed purpose. Any of them should do the basic job at hand.
If you're allowing POP from outside of your network (beyond your organization's firewall or packet filters) then you should require APOP authentication or you should ensure that your outside clients are connecting through a secure channel (like FreeS/WAN -- http://www.xs4all.nl/~freeswan -- or an ssh tunnel).
APOP is an extension to the POP protocol that uses a challenge-response exchange to perform the authentication (there's also a KPOP variation for sites using Kerberos). What is remarkable is that I don't see options in any of the software that I've looked at to DISABLE plain text passwords (so that you can enforce a policy that your external users MUST use APOP).
It doesn't sound like this will be a problem for you, but if it is (and for the benefit of my other readers) here's a couple of links to information about POP over ssh, and how to configure a system to allow POP and/or IMAP over SSL (secure socket layer).
- Secure POP via SSH mini-HOWTO
- http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Secure-POP%2BSSH.html
- linuxsec: [linux-security] Re: POP secure access??
- http://www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk/lists/linuxsec/0104.html
Hope all that helps.
IMAP/POP daemon on RH 6.0 and 6.1From Randall Gellens on Sun, 30 Jan 2000
One of the most popular POP daemons is QPopper (http://www.eudora.com/freeware/qpop.html). This is a (relatively) free package from the publishers of the Eudora mail client software for Macs and MS Windows.
Why do you say "relatively"?
So, I was wrong to qualify it this way. Qpopper is a free package.
If you replace your MTA (mail transport agent) with
qmail then you'll want to switch to the qmail-pop3d
daemon (which comes with qmail). You can find out more
than you wanted to know about that and many addons,
and optional packages and patches related to it by
searching the Qmail home page (http://www.qmail.org)
on the term "POP."
Many people use Qpopper and Qmail together. There is a ./configure option for Qpopper to use Qmail's home dir mail spool.
APOP is an extension to the POP protocol that uses a
challenge-response exchange to perform the authentication
(there's also a KPOP variation for sites using Kerberos).
What is remarkable is that I don't see options in any of
the software that I've looked at to DISABLE plain text
passwords (so that you can enforce a policy that your
external users MUST use APOP).
By default, Qpopper does not permit users to log in with plain text passwords if they are enabled for APOP (or SCRAM).
Is SCRAM some variant of the CRAM-MD5? (challenge/response authentication mechanism: RFC 2095 and 2195?)
Does that get around the need to store the POP user's cleartext password on the server? I read through these RFCs and didn't quite get the part about storing "contexts" rather than copies of the cleartext passwords. (I didn't spend long on it, but I think I'm missing some detail here --- I should probably read some source code to an implementation to see what I missed).
Randall Gellens
Opinions are personal; facts are suspect; I speak for myself only
--- randomly selected quote ---
A child of five would understand this. Send somebody to
fetch a child of five. --Groucho Marx, _Duck Soup_
More 2¢ Tips!
Removing "Strange" files (response)
Last month there was a shell script offered by Mendel Cooper <thegrendel@theriver.com> for removing files with degenerate names. That is to safely unlink those filenames containing "special" or strange characters.
It appears to be a dangerous script, and is probably not the best was to accomplish his stated goals.
There is no reason to blindly and indiscriminately remove all files
containing whitespace, and the character set
[+{;"\=?~()<>&*|$].
There is good reason to warn the sysadmin about the existence of
such filename/links in the "common" areas of the file hierarchy.
In fact this particular set of characters seem arbitrary. For example why include the "open curly brace" and not its closing counterpart? Experience has shown that one is much better off using converse logic in these cases. In other words, one should define a set of the characters which are definitely to be allowed in filenames rather than trying to think of all the characters that "might be bad."
To safely find all files with such strange characters one can use a command like:
find / -name '*[^][a-zA-Z0-9#%~:,._+-]*'
... this defines a list of characters which I allow in my
filenames: alphanumerics (a-zA-Z0-9), the square brackets
([]) --- note that /usr/bin/[ is a standard link to the
/usr/bin/test command --- a few bits of punctuation that are
occasionally found in filenames (such as the "dot" and "tilde"
characters).
Note that even this liberal list of allowed characters isn't liberal enough on my Debian and S.u.S.E. systems. I find some "accented" (High ASCII) character filename links among some of the fonts and console/kbd map packages. I find that many MP3 files contain spaces, ampersands, and apostrophes.
In order to see characters that might not be displayed correctly by your terminal you can use the "-v" option to the cat command like so:
find / -name '*[^])}{([a-zA-Z0-9@#$&"'"'"'%~:,._+-]*' | cat -v
... here I've even further liberalized my character set even to allow single and double quotes to be allowed. The part of this that might be confusing bears explanation:
[^])}{([a-zA-Z0-9@#$&"'"'"'%~:,._+-]
^^^^^^
Here I'm adding the double quote (which is quoted from the shell by the single quote way back at the beginning of this argument), then I'm ending the current single quoted context and immediately starting a double quoted one context. This is still part of the same shell argument (since I haven't introduced any unquoted whitespace, or anything that is in a normal IFS). Then I have a single quote (which is quoted by the double quotes) and a terminating double quoted (ending that string), and another opening single quote which goes to the end of the argument.
It's ugly, but it is the easiest way to put a literal single quote into a shell argument. (There are a number of characters that are "special" or that have "metasyntactic" implications when they are in a double quoted context, but only the single quote is significant inside of a single quoted context.
Note also that I use the dash character as the last one inside my character class. That to indicate to the regex/globbing engine that this particular dash represents itself (a literal dash) and that it is NOT operating to indicate a range of other characters, as it is when it appears in the a-z, A-Z, and 0-9 sequences. Similarly I have the closing bracket as the first "normal" character after the opening of the class and the "negation" operator. The regex/globbing engine that's used by find, bash and the GNU utilities is well written enough to distinguish between the literal inclusion of these "special" characters and their other uses within the regex/glob character class defining syntax. To allow the use of the "^" (circumflex or "caret" ) character we can include an additional instance of it later in the class definition (anywhere other than the first or last character of the sequence).
This regex "class definition" sequence is quite an advanced topic, so it is easiest to use it as an example so long as you understand what it does. In other words you can safely use this example even if you don't understand how to create such a pattern --- just be sure that you know what it DOES.
To safely remove a file with special characters in its name one can use a syntax like:
find . -maxdepth 1 -name .... -print0 | xargs -0 rm
... note that those are "zeros" in the -print0 'find' directive
and the -0 option to 'xargs' These "zero" arguments work together
to ensure that the filenames are passed from the 'find' process to
the rm command as NUL terminated strings. The ASCII NUL character
(the 0-th in that encoding system) is really special and it really
can't be embedded in a filename.
There are some other GNU utilities that accept a -0 or --null option to allow 'find' to pass NUL-terminated arguments to them including GNU tar and cpio.
The ellipses in this example can be replaced with any globbing pattern that exclusively matches the file(s) to be removed. Use the find command into a 'cat -v' process first to be sure that it only lists those file that you really intend to remove. Of course the . argument could be replaced with any directory name or list of names.
Incidentally, the reason I came across this is because I'm starting work on a "Linux Tips fortune cookie" file.
That is correct, in the sense that all administrative tools, utilities, and scripts are dangerous, especially those affecting the filesystem. Any script coming from an outside source that is used blindly and without understanding is dangerous.
2C Tip
I've read the 2C Tip from Pat Bateman <pat99@linustart.com> and I found it useful. I wrote a small Perl script that inspects all open ports and reports about them. I want to share it with the others - and also ask you to check if it works or if it is not useful!!!
Good bye,
Flavio Poletti.
Quick html browse / edit
If you want to edit your HTML code you have some choices, most of them only allow you to change your bare code in a non Visual method. This can be viewed as drawback but after the design of the 1st file of a given set must of the work is Cut & Paste, so you can use the Netscape editor to create the template them clear all the junk code that it write and then use one of the following options:
- Just an editor and and your favorite browser Lynx, Netscape, konkeror ..... and another windows with vi, pico, joe, emacs or somethings more "WYGIWYSish" Use: Just from X, lauch all that you want and don't forget to reload your pages after saving them - mc midnight command can let you see html files (rendered by lynx) and edit them with cooledit (Warning this a a console tool !! If you use one of them too much you could end as a Computer Guru years later ! ) Use: Just open a console and tipe mc (Most distros) browse with the arrows, read files with F3/enter and edit them with F4 - emacs : This "editor" have some features that help you to browse and edit your html files. Is there anything that can't be programed in it? ;-) Use: Just read all the emacs docs, and launch it (either in X or console) - Amaya lets you update your changes automagically and give you a treelike view of your code's structure. (nice feature if you use a lots of tables) Made by the w3 consortium, see http://www.w3.org Use: Launched from X - One of the KDE tools : KDreamSite see http://www.raverx.seite.ms WebMaker see http://www.services.ru/linux/webmaker KWebDeb see http://mason.gmu.edu/~ebanker/kwebdev/index.html Use: Launched from X Galway (good !, GNOME html editor) see http://erin.netpedia.net/ Use: Launched from X There are also others CoffeCup (good but not Open Source) , tkHTML asWedit plexel ASHE Bluefish (Nice!) see http://bluefish.linuxbox.com/ Bulldozer (designed by the NASA!) ewin
You can allways go to http://www.freshmeat.net or even www.linuxberg.org and search there for more stuff, I'm sure that this list is not complete.
I strongly sugest you to use some short of scripting or templates to create your pages. The target is to tipe your have your new text as plain text and get nicely formated html pages just a "click/script" away. (Perl anyone?)
Un saludo Francisco Mu�oz
Yet another tip
Hello again, LG people.
Here is another one for your 'tips' column.
It seems that "whois" queries are no longer quite the same. A simple "whois xyz.com" defaults to the Network Solutions server, but due to political machinations these guys are playing it tight lipped and have sharply restricted the amount of info returned on a "whois". If you need the in-depth goods on a domain name, you now have to turn to an alternate whois server, such as ripe.net.
The following script, named 'wh', will do a domain name lookup on any of three alternate whois servers. As root, save 'wh' to /usr/local/bin, and then create three symbolic links in that directory, like so:
[root /usr/local/bin]# ln -s /usr/local/bin wh /usr/local/bin/wh-ripe [root /usr/local/bin]# ln -s /usr/local/bin wh /usr/local/bin/wh-cw [root /usr/local/bin]# ln -s /usr/local/bin wh /usr/local/bin/wh-radb
The script can be invoked as 'wh zzz.com', which does a lookup of zzz.com on the ripe.net server. If invoked as 'wh-cw zzz.com', it looks up zzz.com on the cw.net server. If invoked as 'wh-radb zzz.com', it looks up zzz.com on the radb server.
These alternate servers unfortunately do not list as many domain names as the Network Solutions server, but they do provide a great deal more info on the ones they have.
ANSWER: Linux clickability in windows NT Domain
As a new feller, I'm flabbergasted that a question was asked that I KNEW!
Network Neighborhood is using WINS to resolve the IP addresses. The NT machines may have the correct domain name in there (DNS tab), but, on the WINS Addressing tab (start | settings | control panel | network | protocols | TCPIP | Properties | WINS Addressing) there is a check tab for
"Enable DNS for Windows Resolution"
That must be checked.
Or, you could have your Linux machine name added to the WINS server.
ANSWER: Making Linux talk to an NT network
David,
Use the Diagnostics found on http://us1.samba.org/samba/docs/DIAGNOSIS.html
You might be better to at least read the FAQ first http://us1.samba.org/samba/docs/FAQ/
I just got most of my Samba issues resolved this week. I also felt like I was spinning my wheels for a while. The Diagnostics will, besides help you identify your problems, will also point out what you need to do MOST, and that is, break your connectivity problems down into smaller bytes.
ie. Let us start with the 1st problem of your 10 Easy Step guide you suggested. Come back with the 1st specific problem and we can go from there.
ANSWER: linux on a laptop
Do not forget to check http://www.linuxgazette.com/search.html which is the Linux Gazette search engine for anwers before asking. I searched on ATI rate and got a lot of responses.
ANSWER: Not a tip, but rather a question
Hi,
I'm looking to add "disk mirroring" (RAID-1) to a SUSE 6.1 system with an AHA-2940U2W.. I must be looking in the wrong places, but it seems like information about this particular issue is scarce at best. Any ideas?
An idea is to use Software-RAID. This eliminates the need of a hardware RAID controller.
What you need to do, is read the Sofware-RAID mini HOWTO. You can get this document from http://www.linuxdoc.org/
You might have the file in /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini/ (or whever your system stores HOWTOs) but there's a chance your local version is outdated. So download the one from the LDP site mentioned above to ensure yourself of reading the latest version.
ANSWER: pulse vs tone dialing
Hi,
currently my modem dials using tone, but my phone line needs pulse, how do fix it?
You need to modify your modem's dial string.
Currently, it says something like ATDT<here phonenumber>
Change this to ATDP<here phonenumber> and it'll dial in pulse-mode rather than in tone-mode.
ANSWER: Access 97
First, happy new year!
To the best of my, admittedly limited, knowledge, there is not a way to run Access 97 directly on Linux. I think that I have seen some Linux ODBC drivers which allow a Linux client to access an Access97 database running on another computer. In particular, on http://freshmeat.net/appindex/1999/12/07/944590737.html . This says that it allows a Linux client to talk to any NT ODBC data source. This, of course, requires running WindowsNT. You can do that by having two machines, one running Linux the other running WindowsNT. Network them together with a normal Ethernet connection. Or, you can purchase a product called VMWare (http://www.vmware.com). This product allows you to install and run a WindowsNT (or 95 or 98) system under Linux. Note - this DOES require you to buy WindowsNT! It is not an emulator of WindowsNT, it simply allows a real WindowsNT machine to run along with Linux on the same physical machine. I have used this product to run Windows98 under Linux and it does work quite well for me. VMWare allows the WindowsNT "virutal machine" to talk to Linux via a "virtual" ethernet connection.
Question, why must you use Access97? Linux has some nice database software that is free. I'm thinking mainly of PostgreSQL and MySQL. The main thing that they lack is a "builtin" GUI interface. But I'm sure that there are some out there. Probably in Perl or Python, both of which can "talk" to either of those database systems.
ANSWER: Re: pulse vs tone dialing
You need to change "atdt" to "atdp". Where you change this depends on how you are dialing and perhaps on your distribution. On a Red Hat or Mandrake system using "ifup ppp0" or UserNet, this is in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/chat-ppp0. In kppp, hit Setup, Modem tab, Modem Commands button. The config file is ~/.kde/share/config/kppprc if you need to edit it by hand or program.
phma
ANSWER: Running Microsoft Windows Apps on Linux.
Dear Rick:
Try with WINE (http://www.winehq.org). I have heard that you can run MS-Office and VisualBasic 6 using that program.
Luck.
ANSWER: Re: SNA Server
Just use metacrawler:
http://www.metacrawler.com/index.html?nocookie
and search for "sna linux" (without quotes).
There's even an GPLed SNA Server available.
Burkhard
ANSWER: Linux Red Hat installation kernel panic Unable to mount root
Hi
You should boot your linux box with the boot disk you created, or where meant to create when installing Linux. Once booted, if all goes well, you will have you linux box up and running. Then re-install lilo or your favourite boot manager by typing lilo. If you want to set the dos partition to startup by default use lilo -D dos.
If this does not solve your problem or things do not go as I mentioned above drop me a mail.
Best regards
Ewan Gatherer
ANSWER: Linksys Ether16 NIC installation issues, as asked in the Answer Guy,
LG Jan 2k
From Chuck Whinney on Sun, 05 Dec 1999 I cant seem to get my Linksys Ether16 LAN card to work under linux. I turned off the PnP liek teh linksys website said, and I turned the motherboard setting from PnP on that IRW to the ISA setting. Linux still never recognizes it. Any ideas? Thanks! Chuck
I wanted to comment on this because some easy items where missed in answering this customer. THe chipset is fully supported, being an NE2000 clone that works just fine. If he is having difficulty installing it, here's where he should check:
#1 Conflicts. This is not likely a problem, since the Ether software that sets the IRQ and I/O of the card checks for conflicts before setting the resources. If you have not installed new hardware, or turned on any extra on board peripherals (Serial, Parallel, or USB ports), this shouldn't be an issue.
#2 How the driver is loaded. As a shot in the dark, you are likely using redhat, in which case the best choice is to use Linux Config to set up the module to load at boot. Most distros will work the same way, but some you have to manually edit rc.* files. THere is a linux-conf topic for network interfaces, but I forget what it is called ATM. If you have to edit the rc.* files, look for a rc.modules file; most distrobutions have one with the network card modules already specified, but commented out. Find the one with your module ( ne2k.o I believe) and uncomment it. In either case, don't worry about specifying the IRQ; you only need to note the I/O address for this card. *VERY IMPORTANT* when specifying the I/O port, use "0x320" instead of "320". You have to specify the number is hex, which is '0x'. So, if the software that disabled your plug n play on the card said it was using port "330", tell linux that the port is "0x330" Don't expect the module to autodetect the card: on this card, it almost never works (I own three of them personally), while autodetect works on other cards, such as my SMC. I don't know why, but don't count on the module to detect the card.
#3. I dont know about ISA IRQ changes you made in the BIOS. From personal experience, they just aren't needed. You sound comfortable enough with them, so you may want to change them back to normal once you are positve the Linux configurations are correct and complete.
#4 Standard troubleshooting: If you dont get an error when booting, check 'ifconfig'. You may just need to assign the card an address, subnet, et al. Or, run dhcpcd if you have a DHCP server/cable modem/DSL router/whatever. Try a different ISA slot. If all looks good locally, but you cant reach outside of your own box, check your cables, subnet mask. First answer if the problem is hardware or software. Tackle it logically.
Best of luck, Toodles
ANSWER: Win98 ICS + Linux
Hello!
It's easy to do that, run netcfg and click on "interfaces". Edit your "eth0" with "interface configuration protocol - dhcp", save and restart. After that it should work!
Sorry for my bad english!
ANSWER: Diamond SupraExpress 56i V PRO
Hi, I read your question on Linux Gazette #48 about installing a Diamond SupraExpress 56i V PRO under Linux and I have to give you bad news: it's a winmodem. Well, it is not a full winmodem, as it does data compression on the modem rather than on the PC, but it is partialy software-controled, so it will only work with the proper drivers installed. As the technical staff at Diamond told me (yes, I had a SupraExpress 56i V PRO), there are no plans to provide drivers for platforms other than Win32. I also emailed the developer support staff, but I got no answer from them. Alberto.
ANSWER: Suggestion and ideas
Just read a Linux newbie guide and an Instalation guide. :-) Try not to read all the other stuff ... untill you need it or had finished the instalation (and everything is working)
1 To get out from a manual just hit q (From the origins of the Unix world q was the key to quit :-) You are right, This is said in noplace. I have figured in and old VAX some years ago just after 10 minutes (You have to log out before you could leave the terminal)
2 To copy a file use (much like the old MSDOS copy, well not really) use:
cp file1 target
where target can be a file or a directory (just type man cp, now that you know
how to exit tit :-)
3 Pico is nice, In console mode I use the midnight commander to navigate the directories and just hit F4 to launch cooledit and edit files (Funtions keys hints are at the bottom of the screen) Very easy. I miss it a lot when I use the University Solaris box.
4 ????
ANSWER: Re: HELP with LT Win Modem and SB 16 >Sound Blaster wanted!
Following up from your january issue, specifically:
From: Gerard BeekmansIt's true; Winmodems don't work under Linux. Winmodems are specially designed to work with Microsoft Windows and are not supported in Linux. The only way to get a modem to work is to buy a non-winmodem.
This is not strictly true...
Go to www.linmodems.org.
I managed to get my LT Winmodem going on my Acer notebook - runs sweeter than it did under win98.
Almost any company with a presence on the web uses some kind of database to ease the content maintaining. This article will introduce a way to develop database-backed web sites using open-source software : Linux, Apache, PostgreSQL, PHP3.
Although this is written for a Red Hat Linux system, most of it ( if not all ) applies to other distributions.
We all know about Linux... You could also check my Introduction to Linux
Apache is the most used web server on the internet. Originally based on NCSA, it evolved into a far superior system which can rival (and probably surpass) almost any other UNIX based HTTP server in terms of functionality, efficiency and speed. Apache is an entirely volunteer effort, completely funded by its members, not by commercial sales.
Your Linux distribution includes Apache. Install it ( if it isn't already installed ) and start the HTTP daemon. It's a very simple installation, so it won't be covered here. Test it by typing in your web browser : http://localhost/. You should see a page which tells you that the installation was successful.
PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational database management system (DBMS) that supports almost all SQL constructs (including transactions, subselects and user-defined types and functions). Postgres, developed originally in the UC Berkeley Computer Science Department, pioneered many of the object-relational concepts now becoming available in some commercial databases. It provides SQL92/SQL3 language support, transaction integrity, and type extensibility. PostgreSQL is a public-domain, open source descendant of this original Berkeley code.
The easiest way to set up PostgreSQL is from RedHat's 6.1 RPMs. Install everything beginning with postgres.
I recommend not to store your database files in the default location, /var/lib/pgsql/, but in /home/postgresdb ( or somewhere in /usr/local ). That way, if you have to reinstall the system, you woun't lose the data ( you do have a separate partition for /home, don't you ? ).
So how do you do this ? After installing the RPMs, user postgres is the database administrator ( not root !). Logged in as root, set up a password for postgres :
# passwd postgres
Next, create the directory and change it's owner to be the PostgreSQL administrator :
# mkdir /home/postgresdb
# chown postgres.postgres /home/postgresdb
The location of database files is specified by PGDATA environment variable. You should set this up so it's available to all users. Add this at the end of /etc/profile file :
PGDATA=/home/postgresdb
PGLIB=/usr/lib/pgsql
export PGDATA PGLIB
In order to use the database, the postmaster must be running. You'll probably want it to run all the time, so let's add it to the start-up daemons :
# setup
Select Sytem services, then make sure postgresql is marked with a *.
Okay, one more thing. We must modify in /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql ( which is run at start-up ) the database directory. Replace every occurence of /var/lib/pgsql with /home/postgresdb
Now you are ready to go. Start the postgresql service :
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql start
Being the first time it is run, the base database files will be created. Then the postmaster will be started ( by default, TCP/IP communication is enabled ).
It's time to test the instalation. Create a user pguser :
# adduser pguser
# passwd pguser
Logged in as postgres, create the same user for PostgreSQL :
$ createuser pguser
Answer to the questions by not allowing this user to create databases, don't let it be a superuser and create a database for him.
Log in as pguser and run psql. Create a table and insert a few records :
pguser=> create table friends ( name varchar(30), email varchar(90) );
pguser=> insert into friends values ( 'John', 'john@johnny.com' );
pguser=> insert into friends values ( 'Mary', 'mary@linuxmail.com' );
pguser=> select * from friends;
You could do this from PgAccess ( included in Postgres ) if you want a graphical user interface, but for now try the command line ( and don't forget the semi-colon at the end ).
Time to move forward.
PHP is a server-side HTML-embedded scripting language with a strong database integration layer. Writing a database-enabled web page is incredibly simple. Supported databases include PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix.
Again, the easiest way to set up PHP is from RedHat's 6.1 RPMs. Install php, php-manual, php-pgsql.
Now let's tell Apache about PHP. Uncomment the follwing lines in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
LoadModule php3_module modules/libphp3.so
AddModule mod_php3.c
and /etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf
AddType application/x-httpd-php3 .php3
AddType application/x-httpd-php3-source .phps
You could also add to DirectoryIndex index.php3 ( in srm.conf )
Choose a place which will hold our work. For start you could use /home/httpd/html/ ( if that's your DocumentRoot defined in srm.conf ).
Let's test with a simple document named test.php3 ( the extension is very important ) with a single line : <?php phpinfo() ?>
Access this file from your web browser from http://localhost/test.php3
You should see lots of information about PHP, your server ...
Everything is set, let's get some results !
Our friends John and Mary are still there, waiting for you. Create a file named friends.php3. Here it is, with lots of comments.
<?php
//define variables used with the database
//usually this goes in an include file
$PG_HOST=
"localhost";
$PG_PORT=5432;
$PG_DATABASE=
"pguser";
$PG_USER=
"pguser";
$PG_PASS=
"";
//let's open the database
$dbconn=pg_connect(
"dbname=$PG_DATABASE host=$PG_HOST port=$PG_PORT user=$PG_USER password=$PG_PASS" );
if ( ! $dbconn ) {
echo
"Error connecting to the database !<br> " ;
printf(
"%s", pg_errormessage( $dbconn ) );
exit();
}
//the database handle is $dbconn
//run a sql command to insert another record
$sqlcom=
"insert into friends values ('Marius', 'marius@marius.com')";
$dbres = pg_exec($dbconn, $sqlcom );
if ( ! $dbres ) {
echo
"Error : " + pg_errormessage( $dbconn );
exit();
}
//let me know I've been added to the database by sending me an email
mail(
"marius@marius.com",
"Lucky winner !",
"You've just won a row in our database. Congratulations !",
"From : boss@db.com");
//yes, it's that simple
//( sending an email I mean, it's not so easy to win :)
//what do we have now in the database ?
$sqlcom=
"select * from friends";
$dbres = pg_exec($dbconn, $sqlcom );
if ( ! $dbres ) {
echo
"Error : " + pg_errormessage( $dbconn );
exit();
}
//and interpret the results
$row=0;
$rowmax=pg_NumRows($dbres);
while ($row<$rowmax)
{
$do = pg_Fetch_Object($dbres, $row);
$s=
"<p>$do->name | $do->email\n";
printf(
"%s", $s);
$row++;
}
//close the database
pg_close( $dbconn );
//That's all. This isn't a tutorial to PHP, I wanted to show you how
//it can be done. As you can see, it isn't hard at all
?>
You can find more on the web. All of this is open-source, remember ? You'll easily find scripts made by various people doing lots of things and more open-source projects ( go get your shopping cart :)
Well, that's it. You are now able to start developing database-enabled web applications. Of course, you should learn more. Much more.
[Originally published on the FreeOS site as http://www.freeos.com/linux/interviews/mikecowpland.ephtml. Reprinted here at the author's request. -Ed.]
Dr. Michael Cowpland, president and CEO of Corel Corporation, hardly needs an introduction. An engineer by qualification, Dr Cowpland began his career at Bell Northern Research in 1964. In 1985, he founded Corel one of the largest software companies in the world. The company is now helping develop the fast growing Linux platform; in fact, Corel plans to port a majority of its applications to Linux. Mike Cowpland talks of his plans for Corel and his views on Linux to FreeOS.com.
What is Corel doing with
Linux?
Corel is
basically offering really comprehensive solutions to Linux. We are doing more
than any other company and are also providing complete connectivity to the Windows
world. We have recently launched Corel Linux for the desktop. This is currently
available in North America and can be downloaded from our Web site. We have
made an extremely easy to use distribution that can be installed even quicker
than Windows. The user can also connect seamlessly to the all the Windows files
on the network including Microsoft public files. With the announcement that
we made a few weeks ago, he can also connect to Windows applications to run
those. If someone has the legacy applications that they want to connect and
still enjoy the benefits of Linux, they can do that by having a single application
server serving up the group. So you can have a cluster of Linux desktops and
one Windows NT server and they can all load up their Windows applications from
there and while using their own native Linux applications on the desktop. So
that provides a complete solution where we provide the basic software, which
is the browser, the office suite and the graphic suite. Then they may have their
human resource or accounting software that they still have on Windows. They
can run on their server without having to run them on the desktop.
Will Corel become a Linux
company in the near future?
Well, we are already very heavily a Linux company. That is supported by
the fact that we are we are the most popular download on the Web. If you look
at CNET the number one download site, we have been the number one Linux download
consistently so effectively we are already a Linux company. We are introducing
our Linux suite very shortly and that would give us more exposure and capability
in Linux.
Where do you see Linux
5 years from now?
In 5 years, Linux will become the more dominant operating system in terms
of Unix. Windows will be more involved with back-end applications like it is
today.
Why did Corel decide
to develop its own distribution rather than adopting or embracing an existing
one?
We did look at several distributions but found them very limited. They were
difficult to install and use and required an expert, which we did not find acceptable.
In Linux, when something is not happening, the best thing is to do it yourself
and that is exactly what we did. As compared to any other distribution, we received
the highest rating of 9 from CNET in addition to being CNET's Editor's Choice,
whereas Red Hat has received a rating of 8.
Corel is primarily known
as a company developing Graphic suites and Office suites. Does this give a feeling
that Corel is losing its focus of developing applications?
Not really, a tremendous
amount of User Interface has been worked at with programs such as CorelDraw.
In Linux, it is a world team effort with each organization doing what its best
at. The kernel is still being developed by the kernel people and we simply use
it. We don't have to reduplicate that work. We are best at the user interface
and we are doing that. With our 50 million Windows users worldwide we have very
rich experience with that. We have made the user interface really easy to use
and the fact that our distribution has been well received proves it.
Corel has been a Windows
developers and is now a Linux developer. Does it affect your relationship with
Microsoft?
We have always had a good relationship with Microsoft and continue to do
so. We use Visual Basic and they use our components. We can focus in certain
other areas, which I think in some ways it is going to be good for Microsoft.
They are, as you know, getting hammered for being a monopoly. Microsoft will
do better when they have competition OS around.
What do you think is
better. Being a Linux Developer or being a Windows developer?
We
actually like being a multi-platform developer. Otherwise one company has too
much control over computer manufacturers - they can dictate terms. They can
insist that you bundle certain things or put logos in certain places, which
Microsoft has been known to do. I don't think that's good for anybody. Being
in the multi-platform world is healthier while maintaining connectivity, because
you don't want to have different islands which cannot talk to each other. We
consider connectivity as the biggest thing that Corel is doing for Linux. We
have our Windows experience and while we don't expect Windows to go away, we
do expect Linux to be just as important as Windows. Much of the work that we
will be doing on applications will be shared between the platforms.
How is Corel helping
the Linux community?
We have been doing
work with Corel Linux in the GPL or Mozilla open source licenses. The Wine work
that we are doing is been put back into the community. The Corel File Manager,
all of which we wrote ourselves, has been put back into the community. We are
actually very supportive of the open source concept. On the applications side
we don't see those as being open source because there are dozens and dozens
of third party utilities that we select, tune-up and include. That's what makes
a very rich applications because the core software is only part of the source.
It is the other utilities that make them useful. As we have to pay royalties
for many of these, its impossible to give them free.
Which are the big vendors
who have agreed to pre-install Corel Linux on their systems?
PC Chips, that makes more motherboards than anybody else is installing Corel
Linux as we speak. We are working with other big vendors too which we will make
announcements over the next 6 months. I think a lot of end-user computer manufacturers
are waiting for applications such as Corel's office applications and graphic
applications to be available before they can really offer a consumer product.
We will have those available soon and we expect them to make announcements then.
There are some installation-related
issues regarding Corel Linux 1.0. What is Corel doing about those?
There are some issues regarding legacy hardware such as ISA, which has not
been as automated as the latest Bus. The fact is that developers are now focusing
on the high volume situation first. It will take a lot before it can cover every
legacy hardware and this is typical of any Linux distribution.
Corel had the Netwinder
Project, which for some reason did not take-off and Corel decided to spin it
off. What was the reason behind that?
The project has divested to rebel.com, and we are an active partner there.
They are doing very well and just went through a private round of financing.
They have a product similar to Cobalt, which has a market capitalization of 3-4
billion US$. We are very happy with our 25% ownership of rebel that we got in
the Netwinder project. We just felt it was better off as a separate company
because hardware does require a separate focus.
Will Corel do something
similar with Corel Linux?
No,
because we are enabling 90% of the work between Windows applications
and Linux applications and to some extent Macintosh applications. That is more
proficient than other companies doing both Linux applications and Windows applications.
Are all Corel applications
going to be available for Linux?
Yes, absolutely. We are also considering acquisition of other applications of
Windows to port over to Linux, to make our portfolio even more complete. We
are also looking at companies who have a dual platform strategy. It is easier
to buy technologies than to buy the whole company in a non-exclusive way.
(Mike Cowpland refused to give any further details about the companies that they plan to or are considering to acquire. Said it was too pre-mature to discuss this now.)
Corel Office for Linux
was expected by the year-end of 1999? Apart from Word Perfect none of the other
applications are ported to Linux yet. What is the progress on that?
It should be available in beta form in a week's time and that's very close to
year-end.
What about the competition
to your office suite from Star Office?
The downloads of their office suite are running at 10% of our volumes which
is not very competitive. If you look at Sun's history of software it has been
dismal. Even now people complain that they are not even freeing up Java. IBM
is very upset that they are charging 3% license fees for anybody using Java
program. Sun's history on software has been the pits.
What would happen if
Microsoft office were available for Linux?
That would be good for the industry. More the applications on Linux, the
better. In fact we are working on that. With our GraphOn Bridges you will be
able to run Microsoft applications on Corel Linux without Microsoft having to
do any work. You still have to pay Microsoft's license but it will enable people
to rely on Linux without giving up on their favorite Windows applications.
Both Microsoft and Sun
are offering their office suites over the servers with the concept of application
service providers. What are Corel's plans?
We are doing that too. We have an offering for ASP's as that provides very
low cost of ownership.
Does Corel plan to sell
computers with Linux and Corel apps preinstalled?
No we would rather work with partners to do that.
There have been some
controversies about the Corel Linux licensing which wasn't 100% GPL?
Even Richard Stallman has been happy with our license. Being a big commercial
company, we have to be more careful of copyright than other smaller companies.
We had certain terms, which had to be introduced to ensure that everything was
legal.
Will Corel support other
free operating systems in the future?
No. We think it is important to focus on Linux, as it is clearly the one.
There were some talks
about Red Hat taking over Corel, is that going to happen?
No, I don't think they would do that, because Red Hat is a much smaller
company than Corel. They have only 40-50 developers where as we have got 800
developers. We understand the Windows market, Red Hat does not.
What if it happens?
It
is not going to happen (laughs).
If you had a choice to
be taken over by a company, which company would you prefer?
None (laughs).
How does Corel plan to
make money out of the open source model?
Corel has always been known to offer enormous value for money and thereby
the paradigm suits us very well. If you put a software in a box along with a
manual, it typically costs between 50 and 100 US$ and that's what an upgrade
sells for. It is really no different to our Windows model. The only difference
is that you get a good CD in the market with free downloads and that's why we
have had 2 million Word Perfect downloads, the number one rate of free download
of Corel Linux.
In my point of view, it is very similar to the Windows model. It goes even faster and you still make money on the boxes because some people don't want to wait for the downloads. They want the CD and the manuals or they want the extra bells and whistles such as the high level of support or may be some more bells and whistles such as content. For example, on our Web site we have 50,000 images but if you want to access 2 million then you have to join up and pay 30 US$ a year as subscription. So it fits into a subscription model. We are looking at the Web site as a revenue generator and are keen to develop a lot more traffic to our portal Corelcity.com.
Is Corel's Web site powered
by Corel Linux?
Some part of it is on Solaris and Window NT, but the trend would be towards
moving to Corel Linux.
What are Corel's plans
for India?
We are optimistic about the potential of the Indian market and are very
very keen on it. It is a huge market and English is commonly used. We also think
India is natural for Linux because it needs computers at the lowest possible
cost. Why would they want to pay the high price of Windows when they don't have
to? At the same time it is full of computer scientist who can improve Linux
because they have access to the source code. So India can become a major contributor
to Linux since they can all see the source code, use the source code and be
a part of the improvement. So it's much more exciting for India than simply
being a part of Microsoft's monopoly.
Do you have any interesting questions to Mike Cowpland which haven't been answered in this interview? Send an email to Prakash Advani and the top 5 questions will be forwarded to Mike Cowpland.
Freeos.com islooking for people who can provide news, articles and updates to our the Web site. If you are interested in contributing in any way please e-mail prakash@freeos.com.
[Linux Gazette is proud to present the Linux comic strip HelpDex by cartoonist Shane Collinge. Each Gazette issue will contain the Author's and Editor's favorite cartoons from the previous month. All cartoons may be seen at http://mrbanana.hypermart.net/Linux.htm. A new cartoon is posted there daily Monday-Friday. -Ed.]
HelpDex is a VERY lame Linux pun on "help desk". Follow Carol and Tux, her stuffed penguin toy, as they force their way through the corporate programming world with style, panache and um, er, stuffed toys. -SC
[ This is the continuation of a series begun by by Dan York. -ed.]
On Tuesday, January 11, 2000, the culmination of hard work by a dedicated group of volunteers worldwide has produced the first in a series of certification tests for the Linux* community. The Linux Professional Institute(LPI; http://www.lpi.org )which was incorporated (nonprofit) in Ontario, Canada in October, 1999; has released its T1A Exam
( http://www.lpi.org/t1alaunch.html ) to the world through the Virtual University Enterprises' (VUE) 1700 plus testing centers. The exam qualifies the participant towards certification at Level 1 (Junior-Level/ Linux system administrator). This first exam is just one in a series which will be available for the individual looking to add credentials to their Linux knowledge and experience.
In October 1998, the concept of Linux certification was launched with the leadership of Evan Leibovitch(current LPI Executive Director) and Dan York(current Board Chairman)who were introduced to each other by Jon "maddog" Hall of Linux International. After many months of hard work and thousands of volunteers, Evan Leibovitch proclaims, "This is what we've been working towards since the day we started." "We've tried to make our program challenging, vendor-neutral and accessible, and I believe we've succeeded on all fronts" according to Evan. Scott Murray(Director of Exam Development) adds "Our volunteers are a crucial part of LPI, and the delivery of quality exams reflects the hard work and care they have contributed to the program." "We want to provide a certification that is supported and respected by it's community" he says. And further acknowledgment comes from Dan York; "We've learned an amazing amount...and truly demonstrated the power of a group of people working together to accomplish a common goal!" "All that we can say is THANK YOU for helping to make this dream a reality" he says.
We would like to thank the many people who have worked on the technical aspects of the tests(submitting and reviewing test questions), those who have staffed our booths at the shows around the globe, those who have responded through our different channels of communication(web site, e-mails, etc.), our participants in the Advisory Council, and most importantly our financial sponsors; both individual, and corporate(listed alphabetically) ; Caldera Systems, IBM, Linuxcare, SGI, SuSE, TurboLinux, and Wave Technologies. Our association with Wave Technologies and ProsoftTraining.com have helped us greatly. We have an extensive listing of our volunteers at http://www.lpi.org/thanks99.html .
Those interested in taking the first exam(T1A) will need to register with VUE; http://www.vue.com/linux/ and pay a fee of $100. The test will take approximately 1-2 hours. To find the location nearest you go to http://www.vue.com/testing/index.html .
A call for help is still being echoed for the submission of questions for the T2series of exams. If you can help write questions for these tests, please visit our "TIPS system". We could also use help reviewing all of the questions for these advanced tests. Plus, volunteers would be greatly appreciated to help staff upcoming events. For a schedule of events which we will be participating in, please see http://www.lpi.org/i-events.html. Some events include the Linux World Expos, Linux Business Expos, Atlanta Linux Showcase, and the following:
On February 2-4, we will be at Linux World in New York City and Linux World Paris(contact tom@lpi.org ), February 24-March 3 in Hannover, Germany for the CeBIT show( tom@lpi.org ), March 7-10 in Sydney, Australia for the Open Source Expo and Conference(contact Jonathan Coombs), and the Linux Business Expo(with Comdex) in Chicago on April 17-20, 2000. Please contact the above persons or Dan York dan@lpi.org) if you can staff any of the booths for these shows.
Stay tuned to the Linux Gazette and Linux Professional Institute, as we move forward to making these dreams a reality within the Linux community.
*Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds; Linux Professional Institute is a trademark of the Linux Professional Institute Inc.
The program "Pine" has become a popular program for both Email and News. It makes use of a small and simple editor named "pico".
Pico's command set only has a dozen commands and it shows the most useful commands in the last two lines of the display:
|
|
UW PICO(tm) 3.5 New Buffer [...] ^G Get Help ^O WriteOut ^R Read File ^Y Prev Pg ^K Cut Text ^C Cur Pos ^X Exit ^J Justify ^W Where is ^V Next Pg ^U UnCut Text^T To Spell |
However, the source code for Pico is closely linked to the source code of Pine; therefore you cannot download Pico on its own - you have to donwload the source of the complete newsreader to install the little editor. Worse: Although Pine is freely available you should know this:
That's why there is now an OpenSource project for a "Pico clone" - "Nano". (Think of it as "'n another editor", if you like.)
The goal of Nano is to make a small editor like Pico available under the GNU General Public Licence and to add some important commands, while keeping the design, ie "small and beautiful".
|
|
nano 0.8.1 New Buffer . ^O Write Out ^_ Goto Line ^R Read File ^Y Prev Page ^K Cut Text ^C Cur Pos ^X Exit ^\ Replace ^W Where Is ^V Next Page ^U Uncut Txt ^T To Spell |
The difference to pico is subtle - no more copyright by the University of Washington ["UW ... (tm)"]. :-)
Also, the WriteOut command now is above the Exit command, so you can see both "exit commands" in one column.
The new commands are in the second column - GotoLine and Replace.
The Help command is still available with Control-G - but when you invoke it then you will see this message:
[ Help function not yet implemented, nyah! ]
But as with all program which develop fast -
the documentation is usually missing.
But do not despair - there's help on the command line:
set editor="nano -citxz"
$ nano -V nano version 0.8.0 by Chris AllegrettaSoon this will hopefully show both important addresses - that of the website and the email address:
$ nano -V nano 0.8.0 http://go.to/nano-editor nano-editor@go.to by Chris Allegretta
So, although "nano" is bigger than "pico" I hope that nano will both be smaller in source as well as in binary size.
date size name-version
==== ==== ============
000110 56k nano-0.7.4
000113 56k nano-0.7.5
000116 58k nano-0.7.7
000119 60k nano-0.7.8
000123 67k nano-0.7.8
000124 68k nano-0.7.9
000125 70k nano-0.8.0
000129 72k nano-0.8.1
On average each version adds 2K - so when nano-1.0.0
gets released it should be around 110k. ;-)
wget http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/astyanax/nano/dist/nano-0.8.1.tar.gzUnpack with GNU tar:
gtar xvvzf nano-0.8.1.tar.gz.. and run the configure script and make the binary:
cd nano-0.8.1 ./configure makeThe installation is pretty fast. :-)
Now strip the binary:
guckes@linux> ls -l nano -rwx--x--x 1 guckes users 120357 Jan 31 21:31 nano guckes@linux> strip nano guckes@linux> ls -l nano -rwx--x--x 1 guckes users 38232 Jan 31 21:34 nanoOnly 38K!
guckes@linux> ls -l =pico -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 159576 Aug 13 02:23 /usr/bin/picoYes, Pico is bigger!
And if someone asks you why people delight in nanotechnology - now you know. Enjoy Nano!
However, I am pretty sure that the news about Nano will hit the newsgroup comp.mail.pine pretty soon. I expect many users of Pine to switch to using Nano instead of Pico. Expect crossposts - so please direct followups from comp.mail.pine:
Followup-To: comp.editors
Thankyou.
Also, an interface to "spell checking" is in the works. This needs lots of testing , of course. So all you nerds with strange language - please help checking and testing this code!
Personally, I hope that these commands will be added:
Chris Allegretta allegrcr@plattsburgh.edu Nano editor maintainer http://go.to/nano-editor or (currently) http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/astyanax/nano/ Nano editor HomePage (run by Chris Allegretta) http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/astyanax/nano/dist/ Nano editor distribution location (only HTTP - no FTP or FTP mirrors yet) http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/astyanax/nano/dist/RPMS/ Nano editor RPMs http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/pico/ Pico editor page (run by Sven Guckes) Sven Guckes guckes-nano@math.fu-berlin.de Author of this article and evangelist for text based programs such as elm, irc, lynx, mutt, nn, screen, slrn, vim, zsh. Email since 1989, Usenet since 1992. Webmaster of slrn.org, vim.org. http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/
This article is the the current installment in an ongoing series of site reviews for the Linux community. Each month, I will highlight a Linux-related site and tell you all about it. The intent of these articles is to let you know about sites that you might not have been to before, but they will all have to do with some aspect of Linux. Now, on with the story...
I can hear you yelling now - "Hey waittaminnitt! This is Linux Gazette, not UN*X Gazette!" Just hold your horses, and listen for a moment. Linux was originally written as a UNIX clone, right? All right, that may be an oversimplification, but the ls command will work the same in UNIX as in AIX or *BSD or Linux, right? Well, let's take a look at what we can find.
Unix Guru Universe (UGU) is a clearing house of information for a great majority of UNIX-like operating systems in use today. This includes Solaris, HP-UX, OpenBSD and, of course, our beloved Linux. If we follow the link from the UGU home page to the list of 80 UNIX flavors (yes, there really are that many), then the link to Linux, we are provided with a wealth of information about configuring, adminning and just using Linux.
Included in the Linux Articles section are the Network Administrator's Guide, the Firewall and Proxy Server HOWTO and the Linux DNS Howto. The Linux-specific section of UGU also has a list of useful FTP and User Group sites as well as links to many of the larger distributions (not just Redhat, Caldera and SuSE, but others too like Walnut Creek and Yggdrasil). There is also a Linux-specific web bulletin board under the Newsgroup link.
However, don't forsake the rest of UGU just to get to the Linux-specific information. If we look under the Beginners & Users Start Here link, we find helpful general information including a brief history of UNIX, an Introduction To The UNIX Operating System, Commonly Used Commands, and UNIX Commands For DOS Users.
Even with these beginner documents, UGU is aimed at the sysadmin who is looking for a handy reference on a wide variety of UNIX platforms. UGU's about page says it best:
... UGU was developed for the System Administrators who don't have time to surf/cruise/browse the internet looking across the world for the information they seek. It was developed so an Admin could go in find what they are looking for quickly and easily and get out. The page is for ALL Admins beginners to guru's alike to share.
On the Internet of today, it's hard to find sites that have more and better content than flash. UGU faces up to this challenge excellently; this site, aside from the home page, is almost entirely graphics free. This means, of course, that the site is exceedingly fast loading on even the pokiest of today's dial up connections (it's even tolerable at 2400 baud). UGU also avoids the use of tables and doesn't use frames so you can browse the site using almost any browser currently available.
Regular readers of this column will know that I like search engines. For a newbie to any site, it is much easier to get a feel for what's available by letting the search engine highlight the content that the user is looking for. UGU's search engine is under the Find It Fast, Find It Now link on the home page and the Search link at the bottom of each content page. UGU's search provided quick and relevant results to my searches, returning information on the UGU site as well as links to software developers' sites for further information.
So, once you get your box up and running and you need information on how to admin it efficiently and securely, check out the information at UGU.
If this document changes, it will be available here: http://genericbooks.com/Literature/Articles/2 .
What are Large Objects? Large Objects are "things" (text or binary data) which cannot fit into a normal field in a table. For example, a 100 megabyte file cannot really fit into a field in a table.
What were the technologies I was using? RedHat Linux, postgresql-6.5.3, Perl 5 (with DBI, DBD::Pg, and Pg), and apache_1.3.9.
In general, how do you use Large Objects in PostgreSQL? You can save large objects like "files" where the database server will let you input a file and it will give you a number in return, and when you want to retrieve the data, you use the number to export your data to a temporary file on your hard drive. It is kind of weird. In order to extract a Large Object, it sort of takes two steps. First, you copy the data to a file on your computer, and then you can read it. The problem is, from my point of view, is that data normally is read once. Here, it is read twice, to make the file, and then to read the file. There isn't any way around this (as far I as know), but I am just new to Large Objects in PostgreSQL (I have used them in other database servers before though), so perhaps there are better ways.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use vars qw($dbh);
### zing is the database I am connecting to.
$dbh ||= DBI->connect("dbi:Pg:dbname=zing");
my $Command = "select first_name,last_name from people
sort by last_name,first_name";
my $sth = $dbh->prepare($Command);
my $Result = $sth->execute;
while (my @row_ary = $sth->fetchrow_array)
{print "<br> $row_ary[0] $row_ary[1]\n";}
The problem with PERL DBI is that the Large Object interface isn't
fined tuned yet, and you have to use the specific DBD driver for each
type of database. The problem with DBD::Pg is that Large Objects is
not well documented, and it took me a long time looking through
newsgroups to find the answer I was looking for. Eventually, I also
did manage to find
this note on Large Objects.
Okay, how do we import and export large object from PostgreSQL? This following example comes straight from the this PostgreSQL documentation. This example uses the program psql.
CREATE TABLE image (
name text,
raster oid
);
INSERT INTO image (name, raster)
VALUES ('beautiful image', lo_import('/etc/motd'));
SELECT lo_export(image.raster, "/tmp/motd") from image
WHERE name = 'beautiful image';
Now, we need to convert this into perl. Here is a perl script which would do the exact same thing.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use vars qw($dbh);
$dbh ||= DBI->connect("dbi:Pg:dbname=zing");
my $Command = "INSERT INTO image (name, raster)
VALUES ('beautiful image', lo_import('/etc/motd'));";
my $sth = $dbh->prepare($Command);
$sth->execute();
$Command = "SELECT lo_export(image.raster, '/tmp/motd') from image
WHERE name = 'beautiful image'";
$sth = $dbh->prepare($Command);
$sth->execute();
Those two examples do the following. The first command loads the file "/etc/motd" into a table. The second command takes the data in the table and exports it to a file called "/tmp/motd". If you want to get the "oid" of data in the table and export it to a file, you could also do this.
## This command will return a numeric "oid" number $Command = "SELECT raster from image WHERE name = 'beautiful image'"; $sth = $dbh->prepare($Command); $sth->execute(); my @row_ary = $sth->fetchrow_array; my $Oid = $row_ary[0]; ## This command will export the data with the "oid" to a file $Command = "SELECT lo_export($Oid, '/tmp/motd') from image"; $sth = $dbh->prepare($Command); $sth->execute();
For live examples, ZING at www.genericboosk.com has all of its Perl Scripts available for public viewing. Look for scripts that view documents that are extracted from the database. ZING now has setup scripts to let people upload and download documents, so we should have real live examples floating around on the website.
At ZING, we export the files by the pid number of the child process of the webserver. When the webserver needs to export another document, it hands the process to one of its children, and if the child already has exported a document before, it will just overwrite the previous one which makes it so we don't end up with tons of exported undeleted files. Then, once an hour, we go through and delete any files older than 15 minutes. It is not as elegant as I would like, but it works fine.
In general, it is a bad idea to let your webserver have super user status or to have the webserver and database server run under the same username. For security, you don't want your webserver having the power to blow away the database server. Oh well.
Anyways, I will try to find better solutions, so let me know if you hear of any!
Large Objects have always been a pain for me. I have always wanted to use Large Objects in PostgreSQL. Now that I had a reason, I finally did it. Hopefully it will save other people headaches. If it saved you from headaches, donate time or money to ZING, or do something charitable for some other cause! If we all do a little, it makes a big impact.
My next goal is to do handle Large Objects in PostgreSQL using the programming languages PHP and Python. After that, I want to see if there is a way to use Large Objects without being a super user. After that, I want to compare this to MySQL. For licensing reasons and since PostgreSQL has always been 100% free and open, I prefer PostgreSQL over MySQL. However I want to compare and contrast them to help make PostgreSQL better. Recently, MySQL has relaxed its license, but I am going to stick with PostgreSQL since they have always had the best license.
If this document changes, it will be available here: http://www.tcu-inc.com/mark/articles/cdburn.html
This document may be modified and distributed with or without the permission of its authors. The authors disclaim any warranties with regard to this document: use it at your own risk.
First, there are two types of CD-ROM writers, CD-ROM recorders and CD-ROM re-writers. Either will work fine. CD-ROM recorders only write once to the cheap ($2 or cheaper) write-once CD-ROMs. The CD-ROM re-writers can also delete and re-write the more expensive rewriting CD-ROMs. CD-ROM rewriters also can behave as CD-ROM recorders.
Second, in order to use an IDE CD-ROM writer, you must fool the computer into believeing that it is a SCSI CD-ROM writer. You do this by attaching a Linux kernel module called "ide-scsi" to your IDE CD-ROM wrtier and then by loading the ide-scsi module. There are two ways of attaching the ide-scsi module, by the lilo prompt or inside the /etc/lilo.conf file. We will assume your CD-ROM writer is at /dev/hdd. Here is a list that explains what /dev/hdd is.
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
prompt
timeout=50
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-15
label=linux
root=/dev/hda1
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.2.5-15.img
append="hdd=ide-scsi"
read-only
and then after you are done editing this file, type the command "lilo" to install lilo. Then reboot.
In order to load the ide-scsi module, type "insmod ide-scsi" at the prompt. You can also put this command at the bottom of /etc/rc.d/rc.local (for RedHat people) to have it load at boot time.
Remember! After you can properly configured the IDE CD-ROM writer, your CD-ROM writer will be located at "/dev/scd0". If you want to keep it this way, do this:
rm -f /dev/CD-ROM ln -s /dev/scd0 /dev/CD-ROMCertain programs expect your CD-ROM to be at /dev/CD-ROM, and thus, this links (or creates an alias) your CD-ROM to /dev/CD-ROM.
After you have attached your CD-ROM writer to the ide-scsi module and you have loaded the ide-scsi module, you want to see if your CD-ROM writer is recognized by cdrecord. The command cdrecord has a special option that will attempt to recognize your device. To recognize the device, the format of the command is: # cdrecord -scanbus.
If you have not installed the IDE CD-ROM writer properly, you will probably get this response:
# cdrecord -scanbus cdrecord: No such file or directory. Cannot open SCSI driver.If you properly installed your IDE CD-ROM writer, issuing the command "cdrecord -scanbus" should produce something like this:
# cdrecord -scanbus
Using libscg version 'schily-0.1'
scsibus0:
0,0,0 0) 'ATAPI " 'CD-R/RW CRW6206A' '1.2A' Removable CD-ROM
0,1,0 1) *
0,2,0 2) *
0,3,0 3) *
.............
0,7,0 7) *
This basically means that the system recognized the Acer 6206A CD-RW as a SCSI device and is ready to record. There is something important to notice here: the triplet <0,0,0> which identifies the CD-R device. This triplet will be necessary for the proper use of cdrecord.
The easiest way to search around for distributions is by browsing the Internet. You can use for that Netscape. You can go to a Linux metasite containing most of the distributions or you can go to the website of a specific distribution and download it either from there or from one of their mirrors. In our case, we went to Redhat's website but we preferred to download from one of the mirrors since they may be not as overloaded as Redhat's website. Our choice was ftp://sunsite.utk.edu and here is the image for RedHat 6.1 on an Intel platform. One note, for you Linux users, if you use Netscape to download an ISO image from an ftp site, press the "shift" key while you are pressing on the link for the ISO image, otherwise it will print the ISO image inside your browser and you will just see garbage.
If you want to use another program besides Netscape to download files from an ftp site, use "ncftp" or "gftp". Remember, if your ftp program doesn't automatically detect binary or ascii mode, tell it to choose "binary" mode. Typing in "bin" at the prompt of your ftp program usually takes care of this.
Here is a small list of ISO images. We didn't test the suse, caldera, or Slackware images. We are not sure if the Slackware images are the latest versions.
We like ftp://sunsite.utk.edu/pub/linux/redhat/redhat/redhat-6.1/iso because downloads are sometimes very fast. At 7am ET, we can achieve on average 380 KB/sec, which means that the download of almost 650 MB can be done in about 1/2 hour. We like it also for another reason: once you get into pub/Linux directory, you will notice there other Linux distributions: Mandarke and Debian.
We downloaded the file 6.1-i386.iso in the folder /tmp
Now, that we have the CD-R setup and the file downloaded, we can proceed with writing the CD.
We put a blank CD-ROM writer in the CD-ROM writer drive, navigated with cd to /tmp directory, and issued the cdrecord command:
cd /tmp cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=0,0,0 6.1-i386.isoWe now explain what the command means. First, cdrecord is the command itself. Second, -v is the option for verbose operation: this means that we will receive message from the kernel as the command executes. Third, speed=2 indicates the speed with which the recorder writes. Naturally, you should not use a speed higher than that of your own recorder. Our Acer has speed rating of 2x2x6 which means that our maximum write speed is 2. Fourth, you must designate in the command explicitly the CD-R device. We used dev=0,0,0. This is the "triplet" that we wrote about earlier. You use the output from your "cdrecord -scanbus" command to get this information. Finally, 6.1-i386.iso is the ISO image file that is to be written on the CD.
In order to use some advanced CD-ROM writing capabilities, like re-writing and multi-session writing, you will need to use cdrecord and NOT Xcdroast (unless Xcdroast has changed in the meantime).
This article was really just a simple article to pave the way for the next few articles we are going to do. For our future articles, we will talk about how to make a bootable CD-ROM (instead of booting off of the hard drive or floppy drive), how to make a live filesystem on a bootable CD-ROM (some Linux distributions have examples), and how to make diskless Linux workstations.
You move from computer to computer and from OS to OS but you need to
always be in your home directory. This article will show you how - in both
Linux and Microsoft Windows.
Disclaimer: This article provides information we have gleamed from reading the books, the HOWTOs, man pages, usenet news groups, and countless hours banging on the keyboard. It is not meant to be an all inclusive exhaustive study on the topic, but rather, a stepping stone from the novice to the intermediate user. All the examples are taken directly from our home networks so we know they work.
How to use this guide:
Protocols: We have seen the question: how do I share a linux drive to window so many times in the newsgroups that it should never have to be asked again. But it still continues to be asked. Windows use the smb protocol to share drives - not tcp/ip. So to share a linux resource you have to run the smb protocol on linux. Samba is the program that does this. Linux, on the other hand, uses the tcpip protocol, and the nfs program is used to share the resources. The protocols are completely different, but they can be run at the same time and share the same resources. There is a serious problem with locking the files if both protocols are sharing the same resource at the same time, but for home use this really should not be a problem. Security is also a concern and we would strongly recommend that your "/home server" be behind a firewall and tcp wrappers be running.
Sharing home to another linux box
When you have more than one person working on a project you need to make sure that they don't overwrite each others changes. When you only have a few directories then Revision Control System (RCS) is fine. But when you have dozens of projects with ten programmers and your development environment is spread over several boxes, you have a project management nightmare that RCS is just not up to handling.
What you need is Concurent Version System (CVS). CVS is great because it is network aware, works with entire directory trees and allows multiple people to work on the same file at the same time without loosing anyones changes. CVS is already installed in Redhat 6.0+.
As great as CVS is it still allows your source code to go across the
internet without encrypting it. This month I am going to talk about
setting up a secure networked repository using Secure Shell (ssh).
Next month I will show you how to import your current projects into the
repository, how to check your code out, update files and check your code
back into the repository.
export CVS_RSH=ssh
export CVSROOT=repository@repository_home:/home/repository/cvsroot
At this time, I will close the Developing Web
Applications series with a very helpful example that if you understand
it, you will be able to apply the same type of application to several other
types of online applications. I am talking about creating your own online
bookmark. Once you understand this example, you will be able to do
basic mySQL operations with php3.
But before I get to the php3 code for the bookmark application, you will need to create a mysql table to store your bookmarks. There are several ways to administrate mySQL databases:
Database Host: myserver
Username: myusername
Password: mypassword
Database Name: mydatabase
Table Name: bookmark
Fields in the bookmark table: id,
url, description
All the information above is relevant when coding the application. Note: The fields are the columns on the database. The id was defined to allow every entry in your database to be unique (primary key), it should be defined to be unique, and auto-increment.
Once you have your database defined and working,
you may start coding your application, and here is how it goes:
The HTML form that will capture the data and send it in to the database: [text copy of this listing]
<HTML> <head> <title>Anderson's bookmark</title> </head> <body bgcolor=white> <form ACTION="sendbook.php3" METHOD="Post"> <center><p>Enter The Bookmark Title:</font> <input TYPE="text" SIZE="40" NAME="description"> </p> <center><p>Enter The Bookmark URL:</font> <input TYPE="text" SIZE="40" NAME="URL"> </p></center> <p><input TYPE="Submit" VALUE="Check"><br> </form> <a href="book.php3">View Bookmarks</a> </body> </html>The above form will have to text fields: one for the URL, the other for the URL description. The form tag will be responsable for telling the browser what to do when the Submit button is pressed. In this case it will call the php3 script sendbook.php3, and send the data to that script.
The following script is the sendbook.php3. This script will open a connection to the mySQL database, and send the data from the HTML form to the database. [text copy]
<?php
//if any of the two fields is left blank, don't send data, but send an error message.
if(!($description=="") || !($URL==""))
{
//connects to database server
mysql_connect(myserver, myusername, mypassword);
//connects to the database
mysql_select_db('mydatabase');
//this is the query command to insert into the bookmark
// table the values from $description and $URL
// inside the Columns description and URL
mysql_query("insert into bookmark(description, URL) values ('$description', '$URL')");
//closes connection to database.
mysql_close();
//After the data is inserted, the browser will form a web page with
// the following information.
echo "Thanks for adding the bookmark<br>";
echo "<a href=book.php3>View BookMraks</a><br>";
echo "<a href=sendbook.html>Add Another One</a><br>";
}else{
echo "You need to go to the form: <a href=sendbook.html>Sendbook</a>";
}
?>
The third and last script is called book.php3.
This script will query the data entered by sendbook.php3, and display on
the screen all of your bookmarks.
[text copy]
<? echo "<HTML>"; echo "<HEAD><TITLE>Afsilva's Bookmark</title></head>"; echo "<body bgcolor=white>"; echo "<IMG SRC=bookmark.jpg><br><br>";
//Connect to DB server
mysql_connect(myserver, myusername, mypasword);
//Connect to Database
mysql_select_db("mydatabase");
//Query the database for everything(*) that is on it.
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM bookmark");
//mysql_num_rows() returns the number of bookmarks found. $rows = mysql_num_rows($result); echo "Number of bookmarks:"; //outputs the number of records (rows) echo $rows; echo "<br><br>"; $i=0; echo "<a href=sendbook.html>Insert More BookMarks</a>\n<br><br>"; echo "<table border=1>";
//This allows you to access the query in a form of an array.
//The array index is the name of the field of the database.
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "<tr><td>\n";
// The . operator adds string together.
echo "<a href=".$row["URL"].">".$row["description"]."</a>\n";
echo "</td></tr>";
}
echo"</table>";
mysql_close();
echo"<a href=../index.html target=_top>";
echo "</HTML>";
?>
With these three files you should be able to get your
first bookmark application working, but just don't stop there. Work upon
it, and make your bookmark better, and smarter. From this example, you
should be able to build several other types of online utilities, like:
guestbooks, counters, surveys, etc.
I hope that this article was useful, and taught you something new. Feel free to email me at: afsilva@liberty.edu, and send me your comments and questions.
[This is a revision of my article that came out in July 1999. The article had a few errors and was missing its conclusion. I have fixed these errors in this revision and added a few references for anyone who is interested in looking deeper into the field of AI. One thing I would like to stress is that this article covers only a very minimal area in AI. -AS]
Artificial Intelligence is a very controversial subject, but the way I will approach it in this article is simple and fast. The way I have been approaching AI is not through the philosophical or biological aspect, but just as a computational subject. When humans want to fly, they don't need to study the birds to learn how to do it, they just get into an airplane. This is my way of approaching AI. We want to solve puzzles and games through a computer without really comparing the way a human accomplishes tasks differently from a computer.
For the first time in the history of my school, there was going to be offered an Artificial Intelligence (AI) class. I was very excited about this class because you hear a lot about AI, but you don't really see a lot of material for it on magazines and online articles.
Probably the greatest example of an AI application is Turing's Test. The test consists in a person being a room with a computer terminal, and this person would start to chat with the computer. At the end the person would have to figure out if he talked to a real person on the other end of the terminal or with a computer program. And if the user confuses the person with the computer then we would have reached AI.
At LU we chose Prolog to be the implementation tool for AI. Our labs at school are Windows NT based and we have only one Linux machine which is designated to students. But I have been a Linux user for almost 2 years, and I wanted to implement all my Prolog assignments in Linux.
I did some research on the web and I found a great Prolog compiler for Linux. Prolog is like Linux in a certain way, there are several flavors that you can pick from. The one I chose was SWI Prolog ( www.hio.hen.nl/faq/SWI-Prolog.html). Prolog is a very flexible language. Unlike other languages like C, C++ or Java, Prolog is based on formal mathematical logic, in this case: Predicate Calculus. A Prolog program is normally made of facts with a set of rules. To reach the final solution it has to satisfy this set of rules. Interpreting these rules allows the computer to deduce the solution by itself. In Prolog the facts are normally stored in a separate file called the knowledge base, and rules in another file that is the actual program.
Allow me to show a very basic search algorithm known as the Depth First Search(click for image).
This program allows you to find a solution path from the START point to some GOAL. The DFS algorithm is pretty simple so implement, since it is a recursive algorithm. What DFS does is go through the child of each node in a sequential manner, therefore even though it is an easy way to implement a search algorithm, it is not time efficient.
But why search a graph?
The nodes of a graph correspond to partial problem solution states and the arcs correspond to steps in a problem-solving process. The graph also defines one or more goal conditions, which are solutions to a problem instance. The process of finding a solution path from the start to a goal is called State space search (Luger and Stubblefield 1997).
Through a graph you can find the solutions to several problems that
in our minds seems so easy. For example, an entire chess game can be represented
in graphs, mathematical problems, virtually anything that involves decision
making.
The Program below is the representation of the graph above in Prolog. [text version]
=========LIST #1=============
% Name: Anderson Silva % Date: March 10, 1999 % ================================ % A graph that will be used for a % Depth First Search Algorithm % Knowledge Base. % ================================ % linked/2 % A nodes and its children linked(a, [b,c,d]). linked(b, [e,f]). linked(c, [g,h]). linked(d, [i,j]). linked(e, [k,l]). linked(f, [l,m]). linked(g, [n]). linked(h, [o,p]). linked(i, [p,q]). linked(j, [r]). linked(k, [s]). linked(l, [t]). linked(m, []). linked(n, []). linked(o, []). linked(p, [u]). linked(q, []). linked(r, []). linked(s, []). linked(t, []). linked(u, []). % arc/2 % A rule that checks to see if % there is an arc between two given nodes. arc(X,Y):- linked(X,L), member(Y,L).
The algorthim that searches the graph for a specific goal: [text version]
=========# LIST #2=============
% Name: Anderson Silva
% Date: March 10, 1999
% ================================
% This is the Depth First Algorithm
% implemented in Prolog that will
% use the graph.pl knowledge base
% ================================
% reverse_write/1
% Inverts the order of the stack.
reverse_write([]).
reverse_write([H|T]):-reverse_write(T), write(H), nl.
% solve/2
% Gives the path in the reverse
% order since dfs is implemented as
% a stack
solve(INode, Solution):- consult('graph.pl'),
query_goal,
dfs([], INode, Solution),
reverse_write(Solution).
% query_goal/0
% Creates the goal to be reached
% during execution
% We start with abolish, so if solve is ran more
% than once, it will make sure it
% forgets the old goals and only look for the
% new on.
query_goal :- abolish(goal(Node)),
write('Goal? [Followed by a period]'),
nl,
read(Node),
assert(goal(Node)).
% goal/1
% When the program runs for the first time
% query_goal needs to abolish at least one goal
% and that is why goal(standard) is used.
goal(standard).
% dfs/3
% The Actual recursive algorithm for the
% Depth First Search
dfs(Path, Node, [Node|Path]):- goal(Node).
dfs(Path, Node, Sol):- arc(Node, Node1),
\+ member(Node1, Path),
dfs([Node|Path], Node1, Sol).
With this Prolog program, you will be able to run a Graph Search on your computer. Notice that LIST #1 defines the graph, therefore you can make changes in LIST #1 and make your own graphs, and see if the algorithm will find the node you are looking for.
There are several other search algorithms to solve AI problems, for example: Breadth-First Search, Heuristic Search, Pattern-Directed Search, and others.
As I said, this is one small topic in AI, that I thought it would be useful for some of you that would like to learn more about AI. If you would like some other areas to reasearch, but you do not even know where to start, here are a few topics: Expert Systems, Robots, Knowledge Representation, Fuzzy Logic, Natural Language, Automated Reasoning, and others.
Finally, I would like to leave you with three books that I used in college about AI.
Marius Andreiana
Shane Collinge
Ray Ferrari
Sven Guckes
Sean Lamb
Mark Nielsen
Krassimir Petrov
JC Pollman and Bill MoteBill is the Technical Support Services manager for a multi-billion dollar publishing company and is responsible for providing 1st and 2nd level support services to their 500+ road-warrior sales force as well as their 3,500 workstation and laptop users. He was introduced to Linux by a good friend in 1996 and thought Slackware was the end-all-be-all of the OS world ... until he found Mandrake in early 1999. Since then he's used his documentation skills to help those new to Linux find their way.
James Rogers
Anderson Silva
In late January, I went to the 8th International Python conference in Arlington, VA, and attended the Zope track. I have been a Python enthusiast for several years, and have recently gotten excited about Zope, which is a web application server. I came back with a year's worth of projects in my head, and zopified my personal sites (mso.oz.net) last weekend. Now comes the harder part: actually writing applications for this platform, especially since parts of Zope are still in an alpha stage and are changing rapidly.
Eventually, the Gazette itself may migrate to a more interactive environment like Zope. However, because the Gazette's unique distribution network depends on it being implemented in simple HTML which can be viewed anywhere (including off-line), we will think long and hard before making any major changes which may limit its accessibility.
The folks who brought you the WTO protests are at it again with a plan to Shut Down Microsoft. There will be a street theater action February 7th at 7:15am. (Ugh, so early in the morning.) If you will be in the Seattle area and want more information on this, contact Direct Action Network at 206-632-1656 or 206-632-9482. I will try to have a report in next month's Gazette on how it turns out. (Does this remind anybody of the Silicon Valley Tea Party, when Linux enthusiasts crashed the housewarming party for a Microsoft developer support center in Palo Alto, CA, in 1998? Of course, the upcoming event will not be focused specifically on Linux.)
Thanks to all our authors, not just the ones above, but also those who wrote giving us their tips and tricks and making suggestions. Thanks also to our new mirror sites.
Have fun!
Michael Orr
Editor, Linux Gazette, gazette@ssc.com